Umlando we I-Rayonismo Yilokho okukhanyayo okuguqule unomphela umbono we-Russian avant-garde: umfutho omfushane kodwa onamandla kakhulu owabeka ukukhanya -imishayo, ukuchezuka, neziphazamiso-njengomlingiswa wangempela womdwebo. Wazalwa cishe ngo-1910-1913 kusukela esandleni sika Mikhail Larionov kanye nokuhambisana okubalulekile kwe Natalia GoncharovaUkunyakaza kugxile ekudwebeni imisebe edlulayo futhi emboze izinto, hhayi izinto ngokwazo. Kwaba, ekugcineni, enye yezindlela zokuqala ezinqumayo ezibheke ... ukukhipha eMpumalanga Yurophu, ngonyawo olulodwa lwesayensi kanti olunye ngosiko lwesintu lwaseRussia. I-Rayonism: ukukhanya okukhanyayo nokucabangela okuchazayo.
Noma ubani obuka imisebenzi yakhe uyabona ukuphambana kwe-angular, imibala egqamile kanye nomuzwa wokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo, njengokungathi ikhanvasi yenziwe kabusha imisebe yokukhanya engapheliLolu limi olubukwayo, uLarionov aqala ukuluhlola kusukela ngo-1909 ngesiqeshana esingesona esingokomfanekiso. I-Crystal —ekhonjiswe eminyakeni kamuva eGuggenheim—, yazibandakanya nentuthuko yesayensi yangaleso sikhathi: the umsakazo, the imisebe ye-ultraviolet noma umthelela odumile we- Ama-X-rayokwathuthukisa umbono—owawusakazeke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi—wokuthi ukukhanya kugcwele endabeni futhi kuyinikeze incazelo.
Umsuka nohlaka lwesayensi
I-Rayonism yagqama lapho u-Larionov, isibukeli esiqinile se- Imisebe yelanga futhi ingqondo yakhe, unquma ukuguqula ukusabalalisa ukukhanya kanyekanye ngokwesithombe. Ngokungafani nezindlela ezingokomfanekiso ezivamile, inhloso yayo akukhona ukuchaza izinhlaka, kodwa ukubamba indlela imisebe okuvela ezintweni Ziyaphambana bese zibola emkhathini. Ngaphansi kwalesi sisekelo, umbala uyeka ukuba isisetshenziswa futhi uba udaba oluphakathingoba kwenza lawo mandla angabonakali abonakale.
Izinzwa zangaleso sikhathi zazimthandela: isayensi yayivula iminyango emandleni angabonakali, futhi i-avant-garde yayifuna ukugqashula ku-mimesis. Akumangalisi ukuthi umkhankaso wokuqala kaLarionov ongewona ongokomfanekiso, I-Crystal (1909), indatshana izindiza ezedlulanayo njengokungathi i-canvas iqoqa ama-refractions; noma ukuthi, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umlingani wakhe kanye ne-accomplice Natalia Goncharova wathwala lowo mfutho ezindaweni nemvelo yamandla isiphakamiso esilulaPhakathi naleso sikhathi, eRussia, isimo sasishubile, sikhuthaza ukuhlola ngaphandle kwesimiso esimisiwe. amakhodi angokomfanekiso ifa.
Okutholwe mayelana nama-X-ray—umbono kaRöntgen odumile wokukhanya okudlula ezintweni ezingabonakali—kwandise umqondo we ukukhanya okungena futhi cishe ubukhosi phezu kwendaba. KumaRayonist, lobu bukhosi buvumela ukuhoxiswa kwentshisekelo yesithombe: "okwangempela" kwakungeyona into eqinile, kodwa amandla okukhanya elisibekelayo, lilibhoboze, futhi lisixhumanise nendawo yonke. Embonweni wakhe, umdwebo uba iwebhu yamandla, a indawo esebenzayo lapho imishayo ihlangana khona.
Imanifesto, amaqembu anqumayo kanye nemibukiso
Ngaphambi kokwenza iRayonism esidlangalaleni, uLarionov wavula indlela: wakhuthaza iqembu I-Valet de Carreau kanye nombukiso Umsila wembongolo ngo-1912, ingqophamlando ukuthi evamile ukwephulwa kwezivumelwano eMoscow. Ngo-1913 kwafika isinyathelo esiwujuqu: i I-Rayonist Manifesto, ebhalwe nguye futhi yasayinwa abaculi abaningana—ngesiginesha eyinhloko ethi I-Goncharova-, wasungula isimo esijulile samasiko. Imibhalo yakhe yembula ukholo oluphelele ku-avant-garde yaseRussia, ukwenqatshwa kwe- umuntu ngamunye njengombandela wokuhlola ubuciko kanye nenkulumo ebucayi ebhekiswe ezindaweni ezithile zaseNtshonalanga.
Umbhalo waphikisa ngokuthi ubuciko akufanele buhlolwe ngombono we isikhathi somlando -isikhathi samanje se-avant-garde seqe leso silinganiso-, futhi samela iMpumalanga "enhle" ngokumelene neNtshonalanga, ngokubuka kwayo, yalulaza. amafomu asempumalanga. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, amasampula anikezelwe olimini olusha, njengombukiso weRayonist Okuqondiwenoma abanethonya elikhulu Ithagethi Ngo-1913, banikeza izingoma zomphakathi ezazigcwele imigqa ebukhali, ukukhanya nokungqubuzana kwechromatic okubekela inselele ngokuyisisekelo okulindelwe ongokomfanekiso kombukeli.
Lo mkhankaso wokubukisa awugcinanga ngokuhlanganisa ubuwena beRayonism; yakha namabhuloho anezikhungo zaseYurophu. Ngokuxoxisana neParis, iBerlin, neRome, abakwaRayonist babeka isimo saseRussia ebalazweni le- isimanje, okuhlotshaniswa nezinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana ne-cubism, ifuturism noma i-orphism eyabelana ngesifiso sokusungula kabusha ulimi olubonakalayo ingqondo yokuhlola.
I-aesthetics kanye nohlelo lolimi olubonakalayo lombani
Ngokubukeka, umsebenzi weRayonist ubonwa ngokulukwa kwawo imisebe enemibalaImigqa ecijile, eyi-angular enqamula indiza yesithombe futhi ikhiqize isigqi sangaphakathi. Le migqa ayiyona imihlobiso nje: ifanekisela ukuphuma kokukhanya, umnyombo weqiniso we-motif. Ezingxenyeni eziningi, umthombo wokuqala walokho kukhanya—iqhude, ingilazi, isihlahla—ubonakala kancane, njengokungathi uyavela futhi. ncibilikisiwe endaweni yamandla.
Ngaphakathi kwalolo hlelo lolimi, uLarionov wahlukanisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a I-Rayonism yokugoba okungokoqobo eqala kusithenjwa esibambekayo (isilwane, into, indawo) okuphuma kuyo imishayo eyakha isakhiwo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a I-Pneumo- noma i-Pneumo-Rayonismlapho isithenjwa sibhidliza khona ngokuphelele, sishiya iphethini yokukhanya kuphela esiteji. Kulokho kukhukhuleka, i umuntu ngamunye I-motif iyahlanjululwa: "uqobo" lwento - kanye neyombhali - iyayeka ukuba maphakathi nesithombe.
Umphumela ubaluleke kakhulu: ingaphezulu liyandindizela ngezendlalelo ezinqamulayo, imiphetho iyaphuka, futhi umbukeli uyamenywa ukuba “afunde” umdwebo njengomfanekiso. phoqa inkambu ngaphezu njengefasitela eliya endaweni eyaziwayo. Kulowo mqondo, izingcezu ezifana ne-a I-Rayonism ebomvu Umsebenzi kaLarionov ubonisa abalandeli be-angled lapho ukujula Kuvela ekuphambeni kwemishayo, hhayi ngokombono wendabuko.
Umbala, amandla kanye nomqondo we-faktura
Ku-Rayonism, umbala awuchazi: isenzoIziphatha njengamandla abonakalayo, ashukumisayo, idala umehluko kanye nezigqi zokusetha. UGoncharova usebenzisa lokhu ngamaphalethi akhazimulayo—cabanga nje ngamahlathi akhe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza, lapho amahlamvu eba khona. ukukhanya okuhlungiwe—; U-Larionov yena, uvame ukwethula obomvu be-incandescent noma imibala kagesi eqinisa umuzwa wokukhanya. ukushaqeka okunamandla.
Le ndlela ihlotshaniswa nelinye igama elibalulekile le-avant-garde yaseRussia: i i-invoyisiNgaphezu kokuthi "ukwakheka" ngomqondo ojwayelekile, kubhekiselwa ezintweni ezibonakalayo nokuba khona kwezinzwa kokusekelwa kanye nezinsiza zobuciko. Ngomongo weRayonist, i-faktura ihlanganisa ukuthungwa, yebo, kodwa futhi nuanceukukhanya, i-chromaticism, ngisho nokudlidliza okuthintekayo okungavezwa yisethi yemisebe kusibukeli. Zonke lezi izimfanelo "surface" eziveza umongo wempahla nokukhanya okudlula kuyo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaRayonist avikela umbono wokuthi vsshestvo -hunyushwa ngokuthi “yonke into“noma “yonke into”—ukuchaza ukuthi kungani isitayela sakhe sithatha futhi ngasikhathi sinye sidlule iCubism, Futurism, kanye ne-Orphism. lungisa kabushaYingakho bahlanganisa amakhanda kubuciko bomdabu baseRussia, bakhetha izilwane nezinto ezizungezile, futhi bagcina ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngamabomu. i-primitivist ku-invoyisi, ngokubambisana nabadwebi bezindlu noma abahwebi bendabuko.
I-Simultaneism, i-Orphism kanye ne-Futurism: i-crossroads
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eYurophu, izikole eziningi zokucabanga zaziphenya izenzakalo ezifanayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. kanyekanye, ehambisana ne Robert DelaunayWayethembele emibonweni yesayensi yombala-ikakhulukazi umehluko ngesikhathi esisodwa-ukuze ahumushele ekudwebeni umqondo wombono lapho ukukhanya nombala kusebenza khona. ngasikhathi sinye emehlweni. Lowo mbono, ongowomculo kakhulu futhi we-cosmic endleleni yawo, wathintana nokuhlola kwe-Rayonist ukuphilisana wemishayo emkhathini.
Umgxeki uGuillaume I-ApollinaireNgemva kwalolu phenyo lwe-chromatic, waqamba leli gama ngo-1912 i-orphism ku Isigaba d'Or...ithemu lesambulela eliwusizo lokuchaza amazwibela aphilayo asekelwa umbala nesigqi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i- ikusasa AmaNtaliyane athi ngo-1913—komagazini abanjengathi Der Sturm y I-Lacerba- ewufake njengobaluleke kakhulu umqondo wokuthi kanyekanye ngokumela isivinini kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwezikhawu. AmaRayonist, kusukela ekucacisweni kwawo kwesiRashiya kanye nokuzinikela kwawo ekukhanyeni, asakazwa kumephu efanayo ye • Umfundzisi angabuta umbutoIndlela yokuthwebula okwenzekayo kanyekanye, indlela yokuhumusha umbono oshintshayo wezwe lanamuhla.
Izindikimba eziphindaphindayo nemifanekiso
La ukukhanya njengamandla Lena indikimba emaphakathi. Akuyona into ekhanyayo ekhanyayo, kodwa amandla angena kuzo, aphuphume kuzo, futhi azixhume. Ngakho-ke imvamisa yokuqamba lapho imigqa ekhanyayo ilingisa ukuhlakazeka kwelanga emvelweni noma ukukhanya kokukhanya. ukukhanyisa ngogesi Okusanda kuqaliswa emigwaqweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi, iphrojekthi "Yokukhanyisa Komphakathi" iveza lokhu kunakekela kwedolobha kanye nentuthuko yalo kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ingqikithi yesibili enkulu ithi hambaAmafomu abonakala ephuka abe imisebe ephakamisa ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, ukugeleza okuphika ukunyakaza kwe-motif. Lezi zinkondlo zifanelana nezilwane ngokuphelele-i Iqhude nesikhukhukazi kusukela emasikweni asemaphandleni—, kuya ezintweni zengilazi—lapho ukukhanya kugqashuka—noma ezindaweni—a Ibhishi yakhiwe kabusha ngokubaneka—. Kuzo zonke izimo, isibalo singcoliswe ngu amandla ize icishe inyamalale.
Ekugcineni, ubukhulu imetaphysics kukonke: ngokudweba imisebe, abadwebi bakhuluma ngezinto ezingabonakali ezisihlanganisayo. Umsebenzi uba yindlela yokuzindla ukuxhumana jikelele, mayelana nokushaya kwenhliziyo okungabonakali okugijima ezintweni. Ukubanda “okungokwesayensi” okusobala—imisebe, i-refraction, i-UV—kuhlangana noku umfutho ongokomoya efuna ukuveza amandla okuthi, ngaphandle kombala nomugqa, angaphunyuka emehlweni.
Umthelela nomthelela
Nakuba yayihlala isikhashana, iRayonism yayine- umthelela ohlala njalo ku-avant-garde yaseRussia. Indlela yakhe yokuqonda i-abstraction-esekelwe ekukhanyeni, hhayi i-geometry ehlanzekile-inikeze indlela ehlukile ehambisana neziphakamiso ze Kazimir Malevich kanye ne-suprematism yayo, noma kumathekisthi nokuqondisa kwezobuchwepheshe ukwakhekaUmqondo womsebenzi njengomkhakha wamandla, kanye nesizinda se-faktura, usize ekwandiseni iqoqo lezinsiza ze- ukukhipha kusenesikhathi.
Ngaphandle kweRussia, i-echo yayimangalisa: inkhulumomphendvulwano ne i-orphism kanye nezixhumanisi ne- ikusasa Baba nesandla ekwakheni umuzwa wamazwe ngamazwe owawuqonda ubuciko njengokuhlola amandla kanye nokuqondaNgokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukugxila ekuhambeni, ukukhanya, nokungaphatheki kwathola ukuqhubeka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva, kusukela ubuciko be-kinetic ngisho nezinqubo zedijithali ezihlela ukukhanya nombala ukuze kudale izindawo ezigxilile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lolimi lwe ama-engeli ahlukene Futhi izigqi ze-chromatic zishiye uphawu lwazo ekwakhiweni, ezithombeni, nasekwakhiweni, lapho amaphethini "akhazimulayo" nokuqanjwa okuguquguqukayo kusavusa lowo mbono omkhulu namuhla: ifomu lingavela ku ukuphazamiseka yemisebe, hhayi i-silhouette yento.
Imisebenzi esemqoka kanye nezibonelo ezimele
I-Rayon's oeuvre incane kakhulu, kodwa iveza kakhulu. Ngezansi kukhona okukhethiwe kwezingcezu nochungechunge, kusukela phakathi kuka-1909 no-1910, lapho izici zakhe eziyinhloko zisungulwa futhi isitayela sakhe singabonakala. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo isitayela:
- I-Autorretrato (1910)I-eseyi yokuqala kaLarionov yokuthi ungahlanganisa kanjani izibalo nezinqwaba; ubuso buthinteka a inethiwekhi yombani lokho kusinika amandla.
- Ingilazi (1909-1912)Izifundo mayelana ne-refraction ezindaweni ezisobala; imisebe "goba" futhi ikhiqize a isakhiwo se-ethereal eyenza into ibe mnyama.
- I-Ox (1910): motif yasemaphandleni kukhiye wombani; isilwane siyalulama phakathi izinhlelo zokukhanyisa lokho kukhumbula isiko elidumile elihunyushwe kabusha.
- IQhude nesikhukhukazi (1912): isibonelo seRayonism “engokoqobo”; imishayo ziphuma izibalo, occupying indiza futhi ukusula contour ngokuthanda amandla.
- I-Red Rayonism (1911-1913): abalandeli bobomvu obukhulu nama-angles abukhali; ivula i ukujula kusuka ku-beam superposition.
- Ukukhanyisa komphakathi (1911)Idolobha lanamuhla njengelabhorethri yokukhanya okwenziwa; amaflashi kagesi aguqulwa abe isigqi esibukwayo.
- Ibhishi (1912): indawo evulekile eyakhiwe ngemisebe; umkhathizwe uba a ukudlidliza i-chromatic kunomkhawulo womzimba.
- Ukwakhiwa (1920): i-epilogue sekwephuzile; inkomba engokomfanekiso icishe inyamalale futhi inqobe inkambu ekhanyayo ihlelwe ngemigqa.
- I-Rayonist lily (1913), nguGoncharova: imvelo ehunyushwe yaba izinyanda; i-floral motif ihlangana ne-a i-chromatic mesh i-radiante.
- Ikhanda likaBull (1913), kusukela eLarionov: amandla ezilwane aguqulwa abe isakhiwo se ama-engeli nokungqubuzana kwephimbo.
- I-Rayonist Sausages ne-Mackerel (1912), nguLarionov: ukuphila namanje “kufakwe ugesi” ngemisebe; udaba lungaphansi kwe amandla lokho kudlula kukho.
- Ukwakhiwa kweRayonist (1915)I-Larionov's: ijika elingenanjongo ngokuphelele; imigqa eyeqanayo nombala ogqinsiwe ophakamisayo ukushaywa ngaphakathi
Umzila wempilo, ukuguquka nokwehla
Izenzakalo zomlando zazinzima kakhulu. Ukuqubuka kwe- Impi Yezwe Yokuqala kuphazamise umfutho weqembu; ULarionov noGoncharova bathuthela eParis futhi bathululela ithalenta labo i-scenography kanye nomklamo wetiyetha ne-ballet. Lolo shintsho lokugxila, oluhambisana nokukhuphuka kweziphakamiso ezifana i-suprematism noma i ukwakhekaLokhu kwenza ukuthi iRayonism ilahlekelwe ukubonakala kusukela ngo-1914 kuya phambili.
Kwakungekona ukwehluleka, kodwa a isixhumanisi decisive: isiteshi sokuhlola esibonise ukuthi ukuhoxa kungase kuvele ocwaningweni lwe ukukhanya kanye nokujikeleza kwayo emkhathini. Ukuhlala kwayo kwangempela akulinganiswa nezikole, kodwa ngemibono: ukukhanya njengempahla eluhlaza yomdwebo; i-invoyisi kunwetshiwe; kanye nokuzwela okuvulekile ekuhlanganeni phakathi kobuciko nesayensi okuzoqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwane ezizayo.
Noma ubani obuka umlando wobuciko namuhla uzobona kuRayonism isenzo esinesibindi, mhlawumbe esifushane, kodwa esinqumayo: ukuzibophezela ekudwebeni hhayi izinto, kodwa yini ibahlanganisePhakathi kwama-inflections kanye nokuboniswa okukhanyayo, lawo ma-canvases asifundisa ukubona umhlaba njengenethiwekhi imisebe Ekuhambeni, ukudweba kuba yindawo lapho lawo mandla ebonakala khona, aphathekayo futhi, kungani kungenjalo, umlingo omncane.
