I-Romanticism yayingeyona nje imfashini yobuhle: yayimele a ukuhlukana kwamasiko noMbuso Omdala okwashintsha unomphela indlela esibona ngayo, esiklama, nesakha ngayo izithombe, izakhiwo, namadolobha. Phakathi kokuphela kwekhulu le-18 kanye nengxenye enkulu ye-19, ezombusazwe, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nemizwa yaba nenguquko: INguquko YaseFrance, izimboni zakuqala, ujantshi wesitimela, i-telegraph, kanye nokuthwebula izithombe kwadudula ubuciko obubonakalayo ukuba bugqashule esikhunjeni sakudala futhi bamukele imizwelo, indawo, nesiko elidumile.
Lokho kusuka kwakunamandla okushayela amabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugxekwa kwesimiso esidala kwaqhubeza phambili inkululeko yokudala, ubuntu kanye nezithombe ezintshaNgakolunye uhlangothi, insimbi, ingilazi, nobunjiniyela kwavula amathuba angakaze abonwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nokuklama. Lo mbhalo uhlola, ngezibonelo ezicacile, ukuthi lo moya Wezothando uhlele kanjani kabusha umdwebo, izithombe eziqoshiwe, izakhiwo, ukuhlela amadolobha, kanye nobuciko obusetshenzisiwe, kokubili eYurophu naseSpain, nokuthi yiluphi uphawu olushiye esikweni lethu lamanje lokubuka.
Yini eyaphulwa eMbusweni Omdala futhi kungani yathinta ubuciko?
Ukwenziwa ngezikhathi zomlando kubeka iNkathi Yesimanje ngemva kokuwa koMbuso Omdala kanye nokukhula kwe ukuhleleka okusha kwezepolitiki, kwezenhlalo namasikoINguquko YaseFrance yachaza kabusha ubukhosi nobuzwe; INguquko Yezimboni yashintsha umsebenzi kanye nedolobha; ulwazi lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe lwenze impilo yansuku zonke ibe yesimanje. Konke lokhu kwashintsha abaxhasi bobuciko, izethameli, izingqikithi nezilimi.
I-Academic classicism, isalokhu i-hegemonic ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, yangena ohlelweni lobuningi: romanticisms, historicisms, namaqiniso futhi, kamuva, ama-avant-gardes okuqala. Umdwebo okhululiwe wezithombe kusuka ku-mimesis ehlanzekile; amandla kaloliwe kanye nesitimu asheshisa ukusatshalaliswa kwemibono namaciko; iminyuziyamu kazwelonke kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zasungulwa futhi zasabalalisa ama-canon ngisho nalapho bekudingidwa khona; futhi i-lithography, kanye nabezindaba, baphindaphinda isithombe endaweni yomphakathi.
Phakathi kwezimbangela ezibonakala kakhulu zenguquko yesimanje amandla obuchwepheshe (isitimela, i-steamship, ucingo, ucingo kanye nogesi ngokushesha), inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi (isikole, inkululeko yabezindaba(amaqembu ezepolitiki nezinyunyana), ukutholwa kokuqulekile nokungabonakali (ifilosofi, isayensi yezengqondo, isayensi entsha), kanye nokuthandwa kwentando yeningi. Kule ndawo yokuzalela, umsebenzi uyeka ukuba yisibuko nje se-Antiquity futhi waba i-subjective expressionukugxekwa komphakathi noma ukuhlola ukusondelana.
Ngokuhambisanayo, iMvelo yachazwa kabusha: kusukela kuhlelo lwejometri lwakudala kuya kokuphakeme, okwebusuku, okuncibilika, okunezivunguvungu. Ukwakheka kwezwe kwaqala ukufingqa imizwa, isibalo saba yinqola yomzwelo, futhi umlando wesimanje wangena emaseyili ngaphandle kokucasha kwezinganekwane. Ubuciko, obuhlukaniswe ngamathrendi, bulahle ukufana kwesitayela esisodwa esikhulu futhi uyaphumelela ngokuzimela.
Izici Zothando kwezobuciko bokubukwa
Ngaphezu kwesitayela esivaliwe, i-Romanticism kwakuyisimo sengqondo: ukubaluleka kwesihloko, umcabango kanye nomuzwa ngokuphambene ne-rationalism ekhanyiselwe. Ngokusemthethweni, umdwebo wezemfundo uhlangana nama-brushstroke axegayo, futhi i-dramatic chiaroscuro yenza ukubuya okunamandla. Umbala uya ngokuya ukhulaFuthi ukunyakaza kugqashuka nge-neoclassical rigidity. Ngokwengqikithi, ihlanganisa iNkathi Ephakathi, inganekwane yombhalo, umlando wakamuva, ongavamile, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, indawo.
Ngokungafani ne-classicism, efuna amaqiniso wendawo yonke, umoya wothando uphishekela okuyingqayizivele, okungenakuphindwa. Yingakho i-portraiture yezengqondo ichuma futhi ukuhlukahluka kwezikole zikazwelonke kuqhuma. Umsebenzi ugunyazwe yiwo umfutho ovezayohhayi ngenxa yokulalela kwayo inkambiso. Kodwa nokho, uhlelo lolimi lwakudala lusekhona ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nasezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme, manje oseluhunyushwa kabusha njengomlando.
I-Subdisciplines ithola ukubaluleka okusha. I-Watercolor eNgilandi, i-lithography eFrance naseSpain, ama-folk prints, ama-albhamu okuvakasha Futhi uchungechunge lwe-landscape luletha ubuciko eduze nezithameli eziningi. Umnyuziyamu, indawo yokucwala izinwele, kanye nenkundla ethokozisayo yomhlaba iba izimo ezisemthethweni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasiko.
Ngamafuphi, ubuhle bezothando buchazwa ngokukhululeka okusemthethweni, ukuhlonipha iMvelo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ubuyena bokudala. Lolu hlaka lomqondo luchaza umthelela wawo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ekuqoshweni, ekudwebeni, nasekuklanyweni, kanye nasekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. isiko lasemadolobheni ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
I-Architecture nokuhlelwa kwedolobha: kusuka ku-rationalism kuya ekuvuselelweni
Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sikhathi kuhlanganisa izinhloso ezimbili: ubuchwepheshe besimanje kanye ne-historicism. Izimiso zensimbi, ingilazi, nezobunjiniyela zivula umnyango wezindawo ezinkulu ezinwebekayo, iziteshi, amabhuloho, namapheya; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthakasela okwandayo nge iNkathi Ephakathiokwagqama kuyimvuselelo yesiGothic kanye neRomanesque, futhi yadlulela naseMpumalanga, ibonakala ngo amafonti e-rustic.
Emhlabeni okhuluma isiNgisi, i-Gothic Revival imake ngokujulile inkathi. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kweZindlu zePhalamende eLondon ngaphansi kukaBarry, ngokubambisana kukaPugin, kubonise ukuthi kungenzeka. ukuhlanganisa isithunzi sakudala kanye nomhlobiso we-Gothic: uhlelo oluphefumulelwe ngokwe-classical kanye ne-axiality, isikhumba se-Gothic, imibhoshongo kanye ne-tracery. Amasonto, izikole nezikhumbuzo zalandela le ndlela, kuyilapho abaklami bezakhiwo abafana no-Nash bexube iphupho lasempumalanga nenkathi ephakathi (iRoyal Pavilion eBrighton).
I-France yayinaye ku-Viollet-le-Duc i-theorist kanye nomvuseleli wayo onamandla kakhulu. Ukungenelela kwakhe emasontweni amakhulu nasezinqabeni kwasungula incazelo enengqondo yezakhiwo zesiGothic njengohlelo lwesakhiwo olusebenzayo futhi kwalindeleke ukuba kube nomqondo ovumelana nezinto zesimanje. ukubuyiselwa kokuhumusha Zaba nempikiswano, kodwa zahlanganisa inkathi ephakathi njengolimi lwasemadolobheni nolwesizwe.
Kumkhakha wamaJalimane, i-Schinkel ihlanganise ukucaca kwevolumu okugxiliswe kusiko lwakudala nemibhalo yasendulo, ephakamisa ukuhlanganisa okuphuphile nokuyiqiniso. Abanye abaklami bezakhiwo bashintshanisa amareferensi obuKristu bokuqala, iByzantine, noma iRenaissance kuye ngomsebenzi, ngenkathi bedweba. Amapaki anezwe, amathuna asengadini nezinqaba zothando ezaqinisa inkundla yaseshashalazini.
I-Spain ibe noshintsho olubalulekile: ukusuka ku-academic hegemony kuya eSikoleni Sezokwakha, ukusuka ku-classicism ekhanyayo kuya ku-eclecticism yothando. Imisebenzi ye-Neo-Gothic kanye ne-Neo-Renaissance yanda, kuyilapho insimbi yenza i-debut yayo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. izindawo zokuthenga, izimakethe namadekhiNgaleso sikhathi, ukuhlela amadolobha kwathatha igxathu elikhulu phambili ngezinhlelo zokunwetshwa: I-Castro's eMadrid kanye ne-Cerdá's e-Barcelona, ​​​​i-manifestos yangempela yedolobha lesimanje elinesakhiwo salo segridi, imigudu e-diagonal, ukuklama izindawo, kanye nokugcizelelwa kwenhlanzeko. Kuphinde kwaba nokulungiswa kwangaphakathi okufana nePuerta del Sol kanye nokwakhiwa kwezikwele ezisanda kwakhiwa.
Umphumela uphelele waba ukuhlukahluka kwedolobha: izakhiwo zokuphatha zasendulo noma zesitayela se-neo, amathempeli aphefumulelwe enkathini ephakathi, izigodlo zamaNtaliyane, imigudu yensimbi neyengilazi, kanye izimbazo zasemadolobheni ezihleliweNgakho-ke, i-Romanticism ayisho isiphithiphithi esisemthethweni, kodwa ingxoxo ephilayo phakathi kwesiko namasu.
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe: kusukela kokukahle kwakudala kuya ekuthinteni okuthakazelisayo
Isithombe esiqoshiwe sothando, esichichima kancane kunokudweba, sifuna ukudiliza imigoqo ye-classical ekahle ukuze kuvele ukunyakaza nomuzwa. EFrance, uDavid d'Angers, uBarye, no-Préault bazama izithombe eziqinile, izilwane ezishubile, kanye nemidwebo ecishe ibe mihle; futhi uRude wadala esinye sezithombe zekhulu leminyaka nge I-Marseillaise ye-Arc de Triompheisivunguvungu sobuqhawe esihlanganisa ukushisekela umphakathi. Njengoba isivele iku-post-Romanticism, i-Carpeaux iphushele endaweni ephilayo nasemaqenjini ashukumisayo.
Enye indawo yentuthuko kwaba umkhakha wabangcwabi. Ukuthuthwa kwamathuna ngaphandle kwezindonga zedolobha kwakha iminyuziyamu evulekile ngempela, lapho kuhlolisiswa khona izithombe eziqoshiwe. izingathekiso zenkumbuloUbuhlungu, ukuvalelisa, izimfanelo zomphakathi, kanye nezifanekiso zokuphila nokufa. Ngakho idolobha elinothando lahlanganisa imfundiso ebonwayo yama-pantheon, izithombe eziqoshiwe nemithombo.
E-Spain, uguquko lusuka ku-Neoclassicism luye kwi-Romanticism lwahamba kancane. Izikhungo ezifana neMadrid ne-Barcelona zigxile kumakhomishana omphakathi, izithombe, nezikhumbuzo. Amagama ahamba phambili ahlanganisa uPonzano, uPiquer, kanye nezelamani zakwaVallmitjana, kanye noCampeny waseBarcelona noSolá, bonke abaxhumene nesekethe enkulu yobuciko yaseRoma. Isithombe saseSpain sihlanganisiwe ukulungiswa kwezemfundo ngamaqiniso akhulayo, futhi atholakala emiqhudelwaneni, emibukisweni nasemisebenzini yasemadolobheni inethiwekhi yokuqagela kwesimanje.
Amakhomishana esikhumbuzo, isizinda somphakathi, nezithombe ezingokomfanekiso zaba inkundla yokuhlola. Ukusetshenziswa kwemabula nethusi kwaqina, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunakekelwa kwathathwa izisekelo nama-workshopsukukhulisa ikhwalithi yobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, nakuba ubungaguquki kwezinye izici, umfanekiso wenkathi wabamba iqhaza ngokugcwele esikweni elisha lomphakathi lekhulu le-19.
Umdwebo kwezothando eYurophu: umlando, imizwa kanye landscape
I-France yaveza uhlu lwezincwadi ezinezibalo ezimbili ezinkulu. I-Géricault, ibhuloho phakathi kwe-classicism kanye ne-romanticism, ilethe inhlekelele yangaleso sikhathi ekhanvasi nge-The Raft of the Medusa: i-anatomy efundisiwe, ukwakheka kwephiramidi, kanye i-chiaroscuro emangalisayo Ekusebenzeleni iqiniso. I-Delacroix yashintsha izincwadi, umlando, kanye nelaseMpumalanga zaba izigaba zombala okhululekile, ama-diagonal ama-incandescent, nezinkanuko ezichichimayo; kusukela ekubulaweni kwabantu eChios kuya Enkululekweni Ehola Abantu noma izigcawu zaseMoroccan, iphalethi yakhe imake inkathi.
I-Landscape yayiyisihluthulelo esikhulu sesimanje. U-Corot uhlambulule i-lyrical naturalism ye-silvery kanye ne-greenish-grey emkhathini, enomdwebo womoya ongenalutho kanye nokuzwela kwethoni okukhuthaze iSikole se-Barbizon kanye ne-Impressionism. Isikole i-Barbizon—i-Rousseau, i-Daubigny, i-Dupré, ne-DÃaz de la Peña—samukela ubulula neqiniso lehlathi, umfula, nesibhakabhaka, kude kakhulu nobuciko, futhi savula indlela entsha. esankondlo futhi ethembekile okwemvelo.
EJalimane, uRunge noFriedrich babheka Imvelo njengokubonakaliswa kokuphelele. URunge, nomfanekiso wakhe okhanyayo, kanye noFriedrich, enezindela ngaphambi kolwandle, izinyanga, namathuna, wafuna ukuthula, ukubanda, nokuhlonishwa njenge ulimi lomoyaLokho kuqina kwe-melancholic kwaba nomthelela kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
I-England inikeze izigxobo ezimbili ezihambisanayo. UConstable udale indawo yesimanje enemidwebo exegayo, isibhakabhaka esishintshashintshayo, nocwaningo oluqondile lokukhanya; U-Turner uthathe umbono wawuyisa onqenqemeni lwe-atmospheric abstraction ezivunguvungwini, imililo, noma izitimela ezimbozwe yinkungu, lapho isihloko singaphansi kokudlidliza kombala futhi amandla okukhanyaI-Pre-Raphaelitism—i-Rossetti, i-Millais, i-Burne-Jones—isindise imininingwane ecacile nemibala egqamile ye-Quattrocento, yayidlulisela ekuklanyweni ngokunyakaza kwe-Morris's Arts and Crafts.
Leyo ngxoxo yaseYurophu yasungula umlaza wamanani: ukuzithoba, iqiniso lendawo, amandla ombala, ukubuyiswa kwemibhalo edlule, kanye
ukubhejwa kuzwelonkeAmasekhethi ombukiso kanye nomshini wokunyathelisa onemifanekiso wenze konke okunye, wasakaza izithombe nemibono ngesivinini esingakaze sibe khona.
I-Romanticism eSpain: i-portraiture, uhlobo lokudweba kanye nezwe
Ezweni lakithi, i-Romanticism yaqala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. E-Andalusia, i-costumbrismo yacwebezela: izinhlobo ezidumile, imidanso, imikhosi, nezigcawu zempilo yansuku zonke eziphathwa ngomusa nokusondelana. U-Valeriano DomÃnguez Bécquer ugqame ngokuba ngokoqobo kwakhe kwethenda ezigcawini zasemaphandleni kanye nezithombe ezinenanela yekhulu le-17 nobuhle besimanje, kuyilapho u-Gutiérrez de la Vega kanye no-Esquivel benikele ngenkolo.
isithombe esisemthethweni nokudweba umlando ngobunono bezemfundo.
IMadrid yayiyizwe lezitayela ezimbili ezihlukene. Eyodwa, yesikhungo futhi ekhaliphile, ekaFederico de Madrazo nombuthano wakhe, ongcweti bezithombe ezisezingeni eliphezulu, umdwebo ongenasici, nomoya othambile; okunye, okuxekethile futhi okunamandla, okuka-Alenza, uLucas, noma uLameyer, owazuza njengefa ubuhlakani bukaGoya bokudweba bukhoma,
isigcawu esidumile esinomphetho kanye nebala elivezayo. I-Lithography nemifanekiso yokuhlela kwachuma kuleyo ndawo.
Umdwebo we-landscape wathola umpetha wawo omkhulu e-Jenaro Pérez Villaamil, okwathi, egqugquzelwe uhambo nokudweba okuvela ekuphileni, wasabalalisa imibono yamadolobha, ingaphakathi lesonto lombhishobhi, izinqaba, namanxiwa ngendlela yezothando. Ama-albhamu akhe kanye
uchungechunge lwe-lithographic Basize ekwakheni isithombe sesimanje nesizwelayo saseSpain, kuyilapho abanye ababhali baseCatalan nabaseCastilian benweba ingoma yasebusuku noma evusa amadlingozi.
I-Catalonia iphinde yaba nomthelela we-purist kanye ne-Nazarene: ukubuyela ku-Trecento ne-Quattrocento, ukuzinikela emininingwaneni nasembalani ocwebile, kanye nokuthambekela okuqinile ezindikimbeni zomlando ezixhumene ne-Renaixença. Lokhu kwamanje, kuhlanganiswe ne-
I-Catalan landscape Umfanekiso usuvele uyivulile indlela yomklamo onobunikazi bawo ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka.
Umthelela ekuklameni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuciko
I-Romanticism iphinde yaguqula i-ecosystem yokuklama nobuciko obusetshenziswayo. Ukwanda kwe iminyuziyamu, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, amamanyuwali kanye nemibukiso setha izindinganiso zokudweba, ukuthayipha kanye nokuhlobisa; i-lithography futhi, kamuva, i-chromolithography yenze amaphosta, amaphrinti nezincwadi ezinezithombe zibe lula ezisabalalisa ama-motif asendulo, asempumalanga noma e-neo-classical ngokwemfashini.
Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi nengilazi kuholele ekwakhiweni kwefenisha yasemgwaqweni, ama-railing, izigxobo zezibani, imithombo, kanye namaphaseji ane
umhlobiso we-serial kodwa obunobuhle obuphakeme, kuyilapho ubuciko bobuciko—ingilazi enemibala, izitsha zobumba, umsebenzi wokhuni—bavuselelwa ngokuvumelana nenkathi ephakathi. Ezweni laseBrithani, Ubuciko Nemisebenzi Yezandla kuhlanganiswe izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nobuhle, ikhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo enzima,
umklamo othembekile nobuhle bansuku zonke, okushiya uphawu olungafinyelela ku-modernism yaseYurophu.
Ekuhleleni amadolobha, ukwandiswa okuhleliwe kanye namathuna asengadini kuchaze izinhlobo ezintsha zendawo ezihlanganisa uhlaza, izikhumbuzo, kanye
city ​​walkIdolobha lothando lalingelona nje isiteji: laba umsebenzi wokubambisana wonjiniyela, abadwebi bezakhiwo, abaqophi bezithombe, abadwebi, ababhala ngomshini kanye nezingcweti.
Ekugcineni, ukuvela kokuthwebula izithombe kwashintsha i-ecosystem ebonakalayo: kwakhulula umdwebo esibophweni sokukopisha futhi kwawuphushela ngase.
ucwaningo lolimiWakha izinqolobane, izinhlu, nemibhalo yokubuyisela nokuhamba; futhi wenza intando yeningi inkumbulo ebonwayo yabantu, eqinisa ukulandisa kwezwe okulondolozwe ngokucophelela kangaka yi-Romanticism.
Uma kubhekwa sekukonke, lokho kuzamazama komhlaba kwezobuciko namasiko kweqa isikhathi sako futhi kusazwakala endleleni yethu yokucabanga umphakathi, osondelene, wemvelo, kanye nobungcwele; ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwamasu nomlando; futhi ngokuqiniseka ukuthi idizayini, isithombe, nendawo, lapho bezama, shintsha impilo.
