Uma othile ekutshela ukuthi umchamo we-porcelain omhlophe ungenye yezingcezu ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni, cishe ucabanga ukuthi uyakudonsa umlenze. Kodwa yileyo ndlela uMarcel Duchamp aguqula ngayo umhlaba wobuciko eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, ethatha ithonya eliqondile enhliziyweni yokuziqhenya kwezemfundo futhi wasungula ukunambitheka okuhle.
Lokhu kwakungeyona isenzo esilula sokuvukela kwentsha, kodwa kwakuyisinyathelo esihleliwe esasifuna ukuhlambalaza isithombe somdwebi . UDuchamp wayengafuni sincome ikhono lakhe ngebhulashi noma i-chisel, kodwa kunalokho sime sicabange ngokuthi ubuciko buyini ngempela nokuthi ubani onamandla okunquma ukuthi into ethile ifanelwe ukuba semnyuziyamu.
Ukuphangwa komqondo ojwayelekile: Ukuzalwa komsebenzi
Konke kwaqala eNew York entwasahlobo ka-1917. UDuchamp, owayesekhathele ukudweba okuvamile, wanquma ukwenza ihlaya elikhulu. Waya esitolo sezinto zangasese, wathenga umchamo waseBedfordshire , futhi, ngokuhlekisa okukhulu, wawusayina ngegama elingamanga elithi R. Mutt . Ngokubeka isiginesha emphethweni, waphoqa umbukeli ukuba abuke into ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele, ephula ukusebenza kwayo okusebenzayo futhi eyiguqula ibe yinto yokucabanga.
Lo mculi wathumela lo msebenzi eNhlanganweni Yabaculi Abazimele, inhlangano eyayizigqaja ngokwamukela noma yimuphi umsebenzi inqobo nje uma imali yobulungu ikhokhiwe. Into ehlekisayo kunazo zonke ukuthi uDuchamp wayeseqenjini lamajaji , ngakho wayazi kahle ukuthi ihlaya lizolimaza kuphi ozakwabo kakhulu. Njengoba kwakulindelekile, ikomidi laphonswa enkingeni futhi lanquma ukuthi umsebenzi awufanele futhi awufanele , lenqaba umbukiso walo futhi ladalula ubuzenzisi bohlelo.
Umqondo we-Ready-made kanye noguquko lwengqondo
Lo msebenzi uyisisekelo salokho esikwaziyo njengobuciko obusenziwe noma obutholakele. Isisekelo silula kakhulu kodwa siyabhubhisa: noma iyiphi into yansuku zonke ingaguqulwa ibe ubuciko uma umculi eyisusa esimweni sayo esijwayelekile ayibeke endaweni efanele, njengegalari. Ngalo mqondo, inani alikho ebuhleni bobuhle—okuyinto engaxoxwa ngayo uma kukhulunywa ngomchamo—kodwa esisindweni somqondo kanye nenhloso yomculi.
- Ubuhlakani obuchaza imfihlakalo: Umqondo womculi njengesidalwa esikhanyiselwe esinobuchwepheshe baphezulu usuphelile.
- Ukubaluleka komqondo: Into ebalulekile inqubo yengqondo, hhayi into ebonakalayo.
- Contextualization: Imyuziyamu isebenza njengohlaka oluqinisekisa umsebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyini.
UDuchamp utshele umphakathi wobuciko bamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi "Ungazethembi," esimema ukuba sibuze ukuthi ubuciko kumele bube yinto eyenziwe ngezandla ngokucophelela nangobuchwepheshe. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi awuyona indawo yokuchama uqobo, kodwa umbuzo owuphakamisayo mayelana nohlobo lwendalo.
Izimpikiswano, ukuphikiswa, kanye nefa lomsebenzi
Ngokumangalisayo, ucezu lokuqala lwalahleka ngesikhathi esibi, cishe lwalibaleka ekhoneni elithile ngemva kwesigameko. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwalo kwahlala isikhathi eside ngenxa ka -Alfred Stieglitz , umthwebuli wezithombe nomnikazi wegalari owathwebula isithombe sonke esisaziyo namuhla. Lesi sithombe yisona esavumela ngempela lo mbono ukuthi usabalale, okubonisa ukuthi ebucikweni bomqondo, imibhalo iyigugu njengomsebenzi wobuciko uqobo.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngawo-60, uDuchamp wagunyaza ukudalwa kwamakhophi amaningana okuboniswa eminyuziyamu emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kunezela olunye ungqimba lokuhlekisa: umsebenzi owadalwa ukugxekwa kwezikhungo wagcina ukhiqizwa kabusha ngomshini futhi ukhulekelwa emathempelini obuciko. Kuye kwaba nokuhlaselwa, okufana nokukaPierre Pinoncelli, owaze wafika ekuchameni kwenye yamakhophi embukisweni we-neo-Dadaist, ethi uDuchamp ngokwakhe ngabe wesabekile yisenzo esinjalo.
Izincazelo kanye nefa namuhla
Emashumini eminyaka edlule, abanye abagxeki baye bazama ukuthola izincazelo ezijulile lapho mhlawumbe kwakukhona ihlaya nje kuphela. Abanye babona ngesimo somchamo njengokubhekisela ezithweni zangasese zabesifazane noma ukugxekwa kwezepolitiki zango-1917, kodwa lo mdwebi ngokwakhe wayephikelela ngokuthi kwakuyisisusa. Okubaluleke ngempela ukuthi kwavula amasango okuhlasela kobuciko besimanje okungamaqaba; ngaphandle koMthombo, abaculi abanjengoGabriel Orozco noma uDamien Hirst cishe bebengeke babe khona.
Ithonya lalesi senzo lijule kakhulu kangangokuthi namuhla i-readymade iyithuluzi elijwayelekile lokuqinisekisa lokho esikubiza ngokuthi "ubuciko besimanje." Ishintshe ukugxila kombukeli kusuka kokuthi "Ingabe kupendwe kahle?" kuya kokuthi "Umdwebi uzama ukungitshelani?" , isusa ukugxila kusuka esweni kuya ebuchosheni.
Lo mbhalo uguqule umlando womcabango ngokubonisa ukuthi ubuciko abuhlali ezintweni ngokwazo, kodwa kuhlaka olubucayi esilusebenzisayo. Ngokususa into evamile endlini yokugezela uyiyise endaweni eyisisekelo, uDuchamp waqinisekisa ukuthi lo mbono ngumsebenzi weqiniso , ovumela noma yisiphi isici seqiniso ukuthi sibuyiselwe ukuze sikhiqize ulwazi noma ukugxekwa komphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kusungulwe uphawu oluhlala luyisiqalo sazo zonke izinhlangano zanamuhla ezisebenza phambili.