La ukuthayipha okusabekayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-palo seca noma i-sans serif (ngaphandle kwe-serif), yaqala ukuvela ngekhulu le-19. Lawa amafonti aveza umehluko phakathi kwemivimbo emincane nemincane, avame ukuphela ngokuvundlile futhi afake isiphetho esincane kuzinhlamvu u-R no-G, isibonelo.
Izinguqulo zokuqala zithathwe ohlotsheni lwaseGibhithe, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukumela imibono yesimanjemanje, ukuhluzeka, injabulo nokuvikeleka. Ngokuvamile sizibona zisetshenziswa ezihlokweni, kodwa ngokuvamile azisetshenziswa emzimbeni wenothi. I-grotesque typography ayivamisile ukuvela kumabhlogo amakhulu ombhalo. Lapho ufunda ezikrinini, amaphikseli avumela ukubukeka okuhlanzeke kakhulu kunalapho usebenzisa izinhlamvu ze-serif.
Umlando we-typography emangalisayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo
Ukucabanga ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe kanjani futhi nini i-typography esabekayo nezitayela zakhona ezihlukene nakho kusiholela ekwazini ingxenye yomlando wayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okusabalele kakhulu. Ngo-1832, umdidiyeli wokubhala wesiNgisi uVincent Figgins wafaka enye ifonti enezici ezifanayo nekaCaslon yaseGibhithe. Yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Figgins Sans Serif futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke izosebenza njengesigaba somndeni wonke wezinhlamvu ze-typographic.
I-Seven Lines Grotesque kaWilliam Thorowgood nayo yathengiswa ngawo lowo nyaka. Leli kuzoba elinye igama elizomaka incazelo yawo wonke umndeni wamafonti asabekayo, ama-sans serifs wekhulu le-19 lapho efika umvuthwandaba.
Kungani kwavela ama-grotesques okuqala?
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu ezithusayo kanye nezaseGibhithe kuvela njengesidingo kwabasafufusa imakethe yokukhangisa kanye nezikhangiso zezentengiselwano. Inhloso bekuwukukhiqiza imibhalo edonsa amehlo, ukukhuthaza umphakathi ukuthi ufunde kabanzi futhi ukhombise intshisekelo. Womabili ama-Figgins San Serif kanye ne-Thorowgood Grotesque ayenosonhlamvukazi kuphela.
Kunzima ukuthola umsuka wawo wonke amafonti asabekayo ngoba aqala ukwanda. Kwakungeyona into engavamile ngaleyo minyaka ukuthola ifonti efanayo ithengiswa kuma-Foundries ahlukene nangaphansi kwamagama ahlukene. Esinye isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando safika ngo-1890, lapho isikhungo saseJalimane iShelter & Giesecke sidala iBertie Grotesk. Ngokokuqala ngqa bafaka izinhlamvu ezincane. Futhi ngo-1898 inkampani yaseJalimane iBerthold yethula inguqulo yokuqala ye-Akzidenz-Grotesk. Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwaba nezinguquko phakathi neminyaka, lwaba namathonya anamandla avela ekuthengeni u-Berthold ayekwenza.
Uma i I-Theinhardt foundry yathengwa, i-Akzidenz-Grotesk yahlanganisa ezinye zeziphakamiso zeRoyal Grotesk. by Theinhardt. Kwatholakala isitayela esihlanzekile, esiwumugqa. Ngakho yaba i-sans serif yokuqala enodumo olubonakalayo. Kuphawule ukuqala kwemakethe yalolu hlobo lokubhala kanye nobubanzi bayo. Namuhla ubhekwa njengokhokho wama-grotesque anamuhla.
Indlela i-Akzidenz-Grotesk ibe nomthelela ngayo emhlabeni we-typography
Kwaziwa nangokuthi yi-Standard e-United States kanye ne-United Kingdom of Great Britain, i-Akzidenz-Grotesk yaba nomthelela omubi wokuqala e-United States: uFranklin Gothic. Kuphinde kube nomthelela omkhulu kwelinye lamafonti aziwa kakhulu akhona namuhla: i-Helvetica.
UFranklin Gothic
Kukhona ezinye umehluko phakathi kwamafonti asabekayo aseMelika nawaseYurophu. EzaseMelika zilula, zinemiklamo evulekile kanye nokuhluka okumbalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavame ukuba mncane futhi babe namajika ambalwa. Ngaphezu kukaFranklin Gothic, ezinye izinhlobo zokubhala kulesi sitayela iNews Gothic (1908) kanye neTrade Gothic (1948).
I-Helvetica
Ngo-1957, umdidiyeli wokuthayipha waseSwitzerland uMax Miedinger wadala i-Helvetica. Imayelana nawen umklamo othonywe kakhulu i-Akzidenz-Grotesk futhi nanamuhla isalokhu ingenye yemiklamo esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ethandwa kakhulu kulo mkhakha. Ngo-2007, lapho kugujwa iminyaka engu-50, kwakhululwa idokhumentari ngomlando we-Helvetica, eqondiswa nguGary Hustwit.
Okwamanje, Kunzima kakhulu ukuphequlula iwebhu noma ukuvakashela idolobha futhi ungahlangani ne-Helvetica kwenye iphosta noma endaweni. Ingelinye lamafonti axhumene kakhulu nokuklama, ekubeni ngolunye lwezimpawu. Ngawo lowo nyaka wokuvela kwayo, i-Helvetica yaqhudelana nabanye abalingiswa abanjengo-Univers kanye no-Folio, abavela ku-Bauer foundry yaseJalimane. Le fonti yokugcina iyona elingisa kangcono i-Akzidenz-Grotesk enobude obuphansi bezinhlamvu ezincane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Univers yaba ifonti yokuqala eyaklanywa kusukela emsuka wayo ukuze inwebe ibe ububanzi nezisindo ezihlukahlukene. Kube nezitayela ezihlukene ezingama-21.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1800s, isidingo sama-grotesques asizange sehle emkhakheni, ngokuphambene nalokho. Cishe wonke ama-Foundries anenombolo eyodwa kukhathalogi yawo. Ukuthuthuka nezidingo zomkhakha we-typographic kuze kwadala ukudalwa kwezibuyekezo ezifana ne-Monotype's Helvetica Now.
I-Söhne phenomenon namafonti asabekayo
Ukusuka eNew Zealand, i-Klim Type foundry yenza isibuyekezo nokuhunyushwa kabusha kwe-Akzidenz-Grotesk. Isiqalo sikaSöhne, emuva ngo-2019, sasiwuphawu lwenethiwekhi yesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba eNew York City. Lo msebenzi wawuholwa nguMassimo Vignelli noBob Noorda. Kuyisitayela esithakazelisa kakhulu esithatha izinto eziyisisekelo kanye nezibuyekezo ze-Akzidenz-Grotesk.
Kufanele futhi sikhulume ngefonti ye-Theinhardt evele ku-2009 njengentela ku-typographer uFerdinand Theinhardt. I-Optimó, imboni yaseSwitzerland, yenza lesi sipho kumdali weRoyal Grotesk, omunye wemithombo eminingi ebambe iqhaza empumelelweni enkulu ye-Akzidenz.
Amafonti ama-grotesque namuhla futhi njalo
Enye ye izici ezinhle ezikwazile ukuhlukanisa ama-typographies asabekayo, kuze kube sezingeni lokuthi zisasebenza nanamuhla, ukuguquguquka kwayo. Ngokukwazi ukwenza imibhalo edonsa amehlo futhi enemibalabala, iyizingcezu ezibalulekile zokudlulisa ulwazi. Asetshenziswa emakhasini ewebhu ahlukene, ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kanye nakuzimpawu nezinye izindlela zamaphosta. Isihluthulelo samafonti asabekayo ukuthi ayizinhlamvu eziklanyelwe ukuxhumana ngendlela ekhangayo. Ngaphandle kwamagama awo, amafonti asabekayo anobungane kakhulu futhi ayakhanga ngokubukeka. Uma uphequlula i-inthanethi, maningi amathuba okuthi uzohlangana nezinhlamvu zalesi sitayela, kodwa nalapho ushayela emadolobheni amakhulu. Lapho ingxenye yamaphosta ivamise ukusebenzisa le mithombo ukusondeza umfundi ngokushesha kulokho adinga ukukwazi. Kulula, kuyashesha futhi kuguquguquka ukuheha zonke izinhlobo zezethameli.