Ukuthwebula izithombe zenhlalo kungenye yalezo zinhlobo ezikuphoqa ukuthi ubeke ikhamera yakho enkabeni yomgwaqo, emakhaya abantu, ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza, nasezikhathini ezivamile noma ezinzima kakhulu zokuphila. Akukhona nje ukuthatha izithombe lapho othile ecisha amakhandlela noma lapho umakoti engena esontweni, kodwa mayelana nokusebenzisa izithombe njengolimi olujwayelekile olukwazi ukunyakaza abantu, ukugxeka ukungabi nabulungisa, nokubhala phansi indlela esiphila ngayo nokuthi singobani njengomphakathi.
Uma abantu bekhuluma ngezithombe zokuxhumana nabantu, abaningi bacabanga ngokushesha ngomthwebuli wezithombe ozulazula emshadweni noma ephathini, kodwa lo mqondo ubanzi kakhulu futhi ujulile . Uhlanganisa konke kusukela kumaphrojekthi amakhulu amadokhumenti mayelana nobumpofu, ukufuduka, noma impi, kuya ochungechungeni lwezithombe ozithatha endaweni yakini ukuze ubonise izimpilo zabantu abakuzungezile. Intambo efanayo ihlala ifana: ukuxoxa izindaba zangempela ezinethonya ngezithombe ezithembekile.
Kuyini ukuthwebula izithombe zenhlalo futhi kuhluke kanjani kwezinye izinhlobo?
Singaqonda ukuthwebula izithombe zomphakathi njengohlobo lwedokhumentari olugxile eqinisweni lomuntu . Inhloso yalo eyinhloko akusikho ubuhle ngenxa yobuhle, kodwa kunalokho ukuqopha izehlakalo, izimo, kanye nezimo ezihlobene nokuphila kwabantu, inkumbulo ehlangene, noma ingxoxo yomphakathi. Isithombe ngasinye sisebenza njengengcezu encane yeqiniso emema ukuzindla.
Ngokungafani nezithombe zobuciko noma zezentengiselwano kuphela, izithombe zenhlalo zinesici esicacile sokuzibophezela : zivame ukudonsela ukunaka ekungalungini, ukungalingani, izingxabano zabasebenzi, izimo zokuphila ezibucayi, izinkinga zemvelo, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Akusikho njalo ukusola okucacile, kodwa cishe njalo kunesifiso sokugxekwa komphakathi ezithombeni zayo nokugqamisa lokho okuvame ukufihlwa.
Ngokungafani ne-photojournalism yendabuko, evame ukugxila ezenzakalweni ezisheshayo kanye nezindaba zosuku, izithombe zenhlalo zivame ukusebenza kumaphrojekthi esikhathi eside . Umthwebuli wezithombe ulandela isihloko amasonto, izinyanga, noma ngisho neminyaka, akha uchungechunge lwezithombe ezichaza ukuvela kwesimo, impilo yansuku zonke yomphakathi, noma imiphumela ejulile yento ethile yomphakathi.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuhlukanisa lokhu nezithombe zemicimbi noma zephathi. Nakuba zivame ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye, umsebenzi womthwebuli wezithombe zenhlalo obhala phansi, isibonelo, izimo zokusebenza efektri, uhlukile ngokuphelele kowomuntu othatha izithombe zemishado, imikhosi, noma izinsuku zokuzalwa . Esimweni sokugcina, umgomo uwukugcina inkumbulo emnandi kubahlanganyeli, kanti ezithombeni zenhlalo, ukugxila kunani elinolwazi nelibalulekile lesithombe.
Ngamafuphi, ubuhle bubalulekile ezithombeni zokuxhumana, kodwa njalo busebenza ngenhloso ecacile: ukukhombisa iqiniso nokudlulisa umlayezo . Ungadlala ngomnyama nomhlophe , ngamasu athile okufometha, noma ngombala, kodwa uma isithombe singakutsheli lutho olufanele ngabantu abavezwayo, siyasilela.
Izici ezibalulekile zezithombe zenhlalo zanamuhla
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zalolu hlobo inhloso yalo yokuba nomthelela emphakathini . Izithombe eziningi zezithombe zomphakathi zenzelwe ukusakazwa ezincwadini, emibukisweni, nasemithonjeni yezindaba , emikhankasweni ye-NGO, noma ngisho nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ngenhloso yokuvuselela ingxoxo noma ukushayela ushintsho . Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zabasebenzi noma zomphakathi ziye zahambisana namaphrojekthi ezithombe aveze lokho abantu abaningi abakhetha ukukubona.
Izithombe zomphakathi ezinamandla kakhulu zivame ukugxila emaqenjini athile abantu ahlushwa uhlobo oluthile lokubandlululwa, ukuxhashazwa noma ubuthakathaka: izingane eziqashwayo, abantu abangenamakhaya, abafuduki, abantu abancane abashushiswayo, izisulu zezinhlekelele zemvelo, imiphakathi yasemakhaya ehlukanisiwe… Umthwebuli wezithombe ufuna ukwenza umbukeli azibeke, noma ngabe imizuzwana embalwa nje, esikhundleni salaba balingisi futhi azwelane nesimo sabo.
Esinye isici esiyisisekelo ukuziphatha kokumelwa . Izithombe zomphakathi aziphathelene nokukhombisa usizi lwabanye ukuze uthole ukuthandwa, kodwa mayelana nokusondela ezindabeni ngenhlonipho, ukugwema ukuvusa imizwa okungadingekile nokuvikela isithunzi sabantu ababoniswayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukubuza imibuzo engakhululekile: okufanele ukuboniswe, okungafanele ukuboniswe, indlela yokucela imvume, kanye nendlela yokuchaza ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwezithombe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithombe zomphakathi zivame ukusekelwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini . Ngaphambi kokuthatha isithombe, umthwebuli wezithombe ufunda, axoxisane, acwaninge, futhi aqonde umongo womlando, wezepolitiki kanye nowamasiko. Ngale ndlela, uhlaka ngalunye luyayeka ukuba yisithombe esilula futhi lube yingxenye yendaba ebanzi kakhulu, esekelwa idatha kanye nokuqonda okujulile kwesihloko.
Okokugcina, kukhona into engenakugwenywa yokucabanga ngeso lengqondo . Ngisho noma inhloso iwukubonisa izenzakalo zangempela, umthwebuli wezithombe unquma umbono wakhe, ukuthi ubani ozomfaka ohlakeni, yiziphi izikhathi azokhetha, nokuthi yini azoyilahla. Lo mbono womuntu siqu yiwona oguqula uchungechunge lwezithombe lube umsebenzi ohambisanayo onezwi lawo, kunokuba nje uqoqe amadokhumenti ngaphandle kwemibandela ebonakalayo.
Umlando omfushane wezithombe zomphakathi kanye nezinyathelo zawo ezibalulekile
Ukuthwebula izithombe zomphakathi kwaqala cishe ngomlando walesi siteshi ngokwaso. Ngekhulu le-19, njengoba amakhamera ayeba lula futhi elawuleka kalula, abathwebuli bezithombe bashiya isitudiyo ukuze baphume baye emigwaqweni nasezindaweni zokusebenza . Lokhu kuguquka kwabavumela ukuthi baqophe amafektri, izindawo zabasebenzi, imisebenzi emikhulu, kanye nezimpi ezihlomile ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili lemininingwane.
Phakathi kwabasunguli bale ndlela kwakukhona umthwebuli wezithombe waseBrithani uPhilip Delamotte , owasebenzisa indlela ye-calotype ukuze abhale phansi izehlakalo ezibalulekile njengokubhidlizwa kweCrystal Palace. Izithombe zakhe zazingeyona nje irekhodi lokwakha, kodwa futhi zaziwubufakazi bokuthi izimboni zazishintsha kanjani impilo emadolobheni.
Elinye igama elibalulekile kuleyo minyaka yokuqala nguFrancis Frith , owaziwa ngezithombe zakhe zokuhamba ezithunyelwe yizinkampani ezifana neLondon Stereoscope and Photographic Co. Umsebenzi wakhe ezindaweni ezikude, abantu abadumile, kanye nemicimbi yomlando wasabela ekufuneni okukhulu komphakathi ukubona, ngokunemba okwakungenakwenzeka ngaphambili, amaqiniso ababengeke bakwazi ukuwafinyelela mathupha.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izithombe zomphakathi zahlanganiswa nezithombe zempi kanye nefilimu yezenhlalo . URoger Fenton wayengomunye wabokuqala ukubhala phansi impi ehlomile, iMpi YaseCrimea, nakuba enombono olinganiselwe wobudlova. Ngemva nje kwalokho, uMathew Brady kanye nesitudiyo sakhe babhala phansi iMpi Yombango YaseMelika ngaphandle kokufihla imiphumela ebuhlungu yale mpi, okwaphawula ukuguquka kwendlela umphakathi owawubona ngayo impi.
Ngemva kwalezo zingxabano, abathwebuli bezithombe abanjengoTim O'Sullivan noWilliam Jackson bahlola izindawo ezingaziwa kakhulu eNtshonalanga yaseMelika: izintaba, izindawo zokudlula, nezindawo ezikude. Izithombe zabo, ngaphandle kokuba zinhle, zafeza injongo ecacile yezenhlalo nezepolitiki: ukukhombisa lezi zindawo kulabo ababhekene nokwanda kwezwe kanye nezakhamuzi ezilangazelela ukuthola izindawo ezintsha.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abanye abathwebuli bezithombe bagxila empilweni yabantu abaswele kakhulu. Udokotela uThomas John Barnardo wayala ukuba kuthathwe izithombe zezingane ezimpofu ezihlala emakhaya awasungula, kanye nemibhalo echazayo ngemuva. Lezi zithombe ezincane zasebenza njengethuluzi lokukhulisa ulwazi kanye nezimali , zixhumanisa ngqo isithombe nezenzo zomphakathi.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abantu abanjengoJohn Thomson eLondon, uJacob Riis eNew York, kanye noDorothea Lange noLewis Hine e-United States base behlanganise izithombe zomphakathi njengoba sikuqonda namuhla. UThomson wadlala impilo emigwaqweni yaseLondon, egxile ezigabeni zabasebenzi futhi ephonsela inselelo ngqo abantu abaphezulu ababengazi ukuthi kwenzekani bude buduze namakhaya abo.
URiis wasebenzisa ikhamera yakhe ukusola izimo ezinonya zezindawo ezimpofu zaseNew York, kanti uHine waduma ngezithombe zakhe zezingane eziqashiwe kanye nezisebenzi ezisesimweni esiyingozi kakhulu, njengesithombe esidumile sezisebenzi ensimbini engamakhulu amamitha emoyeni eNew York. Uchungechunge lwabo lwathonya izinguquko zomthetho futhi lwabonisa izinga lapho izithombe zingaba yisikhali sokuguqulwa komphakathi.
Izigaba eziyinhloko ngaphakathi kwezithombe zomphakathi
Njengoba izithombe zenhlalo zihlanganisa izindlela eziningi ezahlukene, kuvame ukuba wusizo ukuzihlanganisa zibe izinhlobo ezincane noma izigaba ngokusekelwe endaweni, uhlobo lwesihloko, noma inhloso eyinhloko yomsebenzi. Lezi zigaba aziqinile futhi zivame ukufana, kodwa zisiza ukuqonda kangcono amathuba ohlobo.
Elinye lamagatsha ajwayelekile kakhulu ukuthwebula izithombe endaweni yokusebenza . Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuthwebula izithombe ezibhaliwe, abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi babedonseleka ezimbonini, ezindaweni zokusebenzela, emaphandleni, noma emahhovisi, bekhathazekile ngendlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo nomsebenzi wabo. Lezi zinhlobo zamaphrojekthi zihlaziya izimo zokusebenza, ukuphepha, ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba, kanye nomthelela ongokomzwelo wokuphila kwansuku zonke emsebenzini othile.
Elinye igatsha elaziwayo ukuthwebula izithombe zemicimbi yomphakathi . Lokhu kufaka phakathi imishado, ama-quinceañera, izinsuku zokuzalwa, imikhosi yemiklomelo, imikhosi, kanye nanoma yimuphi umkhosi weqembu. Nakuba ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengohlobo oluzimele lwezentengiselwano, izindlela zokusebenza—ukulindela izikhathi ezibalulekile, ukuhlala zingabonakali, nokuxoxa indaba ngokulandelana kwezithombe—zifana kakhulu nezithombe zenhlalo zesitayela samadokhumentari.
Ukuthwebula izithombe ngendlela yokuphila nakho kuya ngokuya kukhula . Le ndlela ihlose ukuveza izigcawu zempilo yansuku zonke ngobuhle obuklanywe ngokucophelela ngenkathi igcina umuzwa wemvelo: imindeni emakhaya, imibhangqwana endaweni yayo, amaqembu abangani endaweni ebazungezile evamile. Umgomo ukukhombisa izikhathi zangempela ngesici sokulandisa , ukugwema, ngangokunokwenzeka, izimo eziqinile kanye nezilungiselelo ezakhiwe ngokweqile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lobuchwepheshe nobukhethekile kukhona izithombe zamaphoyisa noma ze-forensic . Kulokhu, umgomo oyinhloko akuyona indlela yokuveza ubuciko kodwa ukunemba: ukuqopha ngokwethembeka indawo yobugebengu noma ingozi ukuze ihlaziywe ngabahluleli, abameli, kanye nochwepheshe. Noma kunjalo, kuyingxenye yezithombe zomphakathi uma nje kubhala izenzakalo ezithinta ngqo isisekelo somphakathi kanye nokuphathwa kobulungiswa.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zigaba, singakhuluma ngezinye izindlela eziningi: amaphrojekthi ngezinyathelo zomphakathi kanye nemiboniso , ukubhalwa kwemibhalo yokufuduka, imibiko ngempilo yasemakhaya, umsebenzi ogxile kubantu abancane ngokobulili noma ngokohlanga, imincintiswano kanye nemincintiswano , izithombe zasemgwaqweni ezigxile emphakathini, njll. Into ebalulekile akulona nje ukulingana nelebula elithile kunokuba nombono ocacile wokuthi yiliphi iqiniso ofuna ukulikhanyisa ngekhamera yakho.
Amathiphu abalulekile okudala izithombe ezithinta izinkundla zokuxhumana
Uma ufuna ukuqala ukusebenza kwezithombe zenhlalo ngokuzimisela okuthile, kungumqondo omuhle ukukhumbula uchungechunge lwezimiso ezisebenzayo ezizokusiza ukufeza izithombe ezithembekile, ezinamandla, nezihloniphekile. Lezi akuzona izindlela zomlingo, kodwa kuneziqondiso ezifakazelwe ezisetshenziswa ngabathwebuli bezithombe abaningi abangodokhumentari emsebenzini wabo wansuku zonke.
Iseluleko sokuqala ukuhlanganisa abantu endaweni ebazungezile noma endaweni yabo . Ungazibekeli eceleni kobuso babo: yandisa uhlaka ukuze ufake izinto ezichaza ukuthi bakuphi, benzani, nokuthi baxhumana nobani. Ungadlala ngesivinini esisheshayo sokuvala ukuze uphakamise ukunyakaza, isibonelo, ngokushiya izihloko zingagxilile kancane ngenkathi ingemuva lihlala libukhali, ngaleyo ndlela udlulise umuzwa womsebenzi oqhubekayo edolobheni noma endaweni yokusebenza.
Ngaphambi kokuthi uphume uyothatha izithombe, zinike isikhathi sokuchaza umgomo wakho . Zibuze ukuthi ufuna ukudlulisa ini, umlayezo ongathanda ukuthi othile awuthathe ochungechungeni lwakho oluphelele lwezithombe, nokuthi uzosisingatha kanjani lesi sihloko. Lokhu kucaca kusengaphambili kuzokusiza ukuthi unqume ukuthi yiziphi izikhathi ezifanele ngempela futhi kuzokukhumbuza nokubaluleka kokungaguquli ngokweqile iqiniso ngemuva kokukhiqizwa: uma inhloso yakho iwukubhala phansi, lapho isithombe sithembeka kakhulu kulokho okwenzekile, kuba ngcono.
Ezithombeni zokuxhumana nabantu, ukufunda ukuzenza ungabonakali kubalulekile . Akukhona ukufihla njengenhloli, kodwa ukuxubana ngokwanele ukuze abantu bakwazi ukwenza izinto ngokwemvelo. Ukuba khona kwekhamera kungashintsha ukuziphatha futhi kuthonye okwenzekayo; ngakho-ke, kungcono ukuhamba ngokuthula, ugweme ukunyakaza okungazelelwe, futhi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, ukuxubane nendawo ezungezile.
Elinye ikhono elibalulekile ukubekezela . Izigcawu ezithakazelisayo aziveli ngokushesha, futhi izinkulumo eziyiqiniso kakhulu zivame ukuvela lapho abantu sebekhohliwe ukuthi ulapho. Zinike isikhathi sokubuka, linda ukuxhumana onomuzwa wokuthi kuyenzeka, futhi ungasheshi ukuqhubeka njalo ngemizuzu emibili. Izithombe eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zokuxhumana nabantu ziwumphumela wokuma uqine ngenkathi konke kubonakala "kujwayelekile."
Ungawathathi kancane amandla okukhuluma nabantu ofuna ukubathwebula izithombe. Ukuchaza iphrojekthi yakho, ukulalela izindaba zabo, nokucela imvume lapho kufaneleka akuyona nje indaba yokuziphatha; kungavula neminyango yezimo obungeke uzibone. Kusukela kuleyo ngxoxo, uma ifaneleka kahle futhi bezimisele, ungaphakamisa izithombe ezigxile kakhulu ezigcizelela izici zobuntu babo noma imininingwane ebalulekile yendawo ebazungezile.
Uma ubambekile futhi ungazi ukuthi uzoqala kuphi, umqondo omuhle ukukhetha isihloko esithile : umsebenzi othile, impilo emakethe, abasebenzisi besikhungo somphakathi, omakhelwane abakulowo mgwaqo... Ukusebenza ngesihloko esincane kwenza kube lula ukuthi izithombe zakho ziqondane futhi kukuphoqe ukuthi ubheke ngokujulile, esikhundleni sokugxuma kusuka kwesinye isihloko uye kwesinye ngaphandle kokuhlola noma yisiphi sazo ngokujulile.
Khumbula ukuthi umphefumulo wezithombe zokuxhumana nabantu uvame ukutholakala empilweni yansuku zonke . Akudingeki ukuthi uye kolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba ukuthola izindaba ezithakazelisayo: vele ubheke okwenzekayo eduze kwakho. Imikhuba yomndeni ekhaya, izingxoxo ebha yomakhelwane, ubudlelwano bezingane nepaki… Konke lokhu, okuthathwe izithombe ngokuzwela nangokuvumelana, kungaba yiphrojekthi yokuxhumana nabantu eqinile kakhulu.
Imishini namasu anconyiwe okuthatha izithombe zenhlalo
Ezithombeni zokuxhumana nabantu, imishini efanelekile yileyo ekuvumela ukuthi usabele ngokushesha ngaphandle kokudonsa ukunaka okukhulu . Awudingi ikhamera enkulu kunazo zonke noma ilensi enzima kakhulu; empeleni, ngokuvamile okuphambene nalokho kungcono. Umzimba olula, othule, nothembekile uzokuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokunethezeka futhi usize abantu bakhohlwe ukuthi uthatha ngisho nezithombe.
Amakhamera anamuhla angenazibuko anikeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi kwekhwalithi nokuqonda, yize i-DSLR encane noma i-smartphone esezingeni eliphezulu ingenza umsebenzi uma wazi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani. Into ebalulekile ukuthi uyiqonde kahle ikhamera yakho futhi ukwazi ukulungisa ukukhanya ngaphandle kokubheka. Ngokuphathelene nenzwa, kokubili i-full-frame kanye ne-APS-C kuzosebenza; eyokuqala izokunikeza inkululeko eyengeziwe ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi , ezivame kakhulu endlini noma kusihlwa.
Ngokuphathelene namalensi, abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi bezenhlalo bakhululekile ngamalensi asheshayo angu-35mm noma angu-50mm prime (okulingana nohlaka oluphelele). Lawa ma-focal lengths awavumela ukuthi asebenze eduze kwesenzo, afinyelele i-engeli yemvelo, futhi adubule ngezimbobo ezibanzi ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okuphansi. Amalensi ajwayelekile okusondeza angaba usizo, kodwa avame ukuba makhulu futhi angase abe yingozi kakhulu kubantu abathintekayo.
Ngokuphathelene nezilungiselelo, imodi yokubeka phambili i-aperture ene-auto ISO kanye nomkhawulo wesivinini sokushutha esiphezulu ngokwanele ukuze ugweme ukunyakaziswa kwekhamera ngokuvamile isebenza kahle . I-autofocus eqhubekayo kanye nesivinini sokuqhuma esimaphakathi kuzokusiza ukuthi uthwebule isikhathi esinqumayo, inqobo nje uma ungasisebenzisi ngokweqile futhi uthwebule ngokunganaki. Ngokuphathelene nombala, amaphrojekthi amaningi omphakathi enziwa ngombala omnyama nomhlophe ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthelela obonakalayo nowemizwa, yize ukusetshenziswa kombala okuvinjelwe nokuqhubekayo nakho kungawuqinisa kakhulu umyalezo.
Ekubhaleni, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukufunda ukulindela isimo . Impilo yangempela ayimi ukuze uhlele isithombe sakho ngokuthula, ngakho-ke kungumqondo omuhle ukufaka imithetho eyisisekelo njengomthetho wezingxenye ezintathu noma ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso kuze kube yilapho ziba yinto yesibili. Ukusuka lapho, ungaziphula lapho indaba ifuna lokho. Okubaluleke kakhulu, njalo, ukubamba isenzo, ukubuka, noma ukusebenzisana okulanda indaba, noma ngabe uhlaka lungaphelele ngokobuchwepheshe.
Umehluko kanye nokufana phakathi kwezithombe zomphakathi kanye ne-photojournalism
Izithombe zomphakathi kanye ne-photojournalism zihlanganyela kakhulu, yingakho ngezinye izikhathi zidideka. Zombili izinhlobo zigxila ezenzakalweni zangempela kanye nezihloko ezithinta umphakathi , futhi zombili zisebenzisa izithombe njengethuluzi lokwazisa, ukukhulisa ulwazi, kanye nokubhala phansi okwenzekayo. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukuziphatha kubalulekile: okuqukethwe akufanele kushintshwe kuze kube sezingeni lokushintsha iqiniso lalokho okuthwetshuliwe.
Bobabili abathwebuli bezithombe zomphakathi kanye nezintatheli zezithombe kudingeka basebenze cishe njengabantu abangabonakali . Uma ungenelela kakhulu endaweni yesehlakalo, usengozini yokushintsha okwenzekayo; uma uba yisizinda sokunaka, ukushukuma kwakho nokuziphatha kwakho kuzoqala ukubonakala sengathi kuyinto yokwenziwa. Yingakho ukuqonda, inhlonipho ngesikhala somuntu siqu sabanye, kanye nekhono lokuhlangana nesizinda kuyizimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zombili lezi zinsimu.
Baphinde babe nesidingo sokuqina nokwethembeka . Akukhona nje ukugwema ukuhlela ngokweqile; kuhilela nokubeka izithombe esimweni esifanele, ukungafinyeleli iziphetho ezidukisayo esithombeni esisodwa, nokungadlulisi izimo ukuze zibonakale zimangalisa kakhulu kunalokho ezaziyikho. Uma sezilahlekile, kunzima kakhulu ukuzibuyisela.
Umehluko omkhulu uvame ukuba sesikhathini kanye nohlobo lomsebenzi . Ubuntatheli bezithombe buvame ukusebenza ngezikhathi zokugcina ezimfushane kakhulu, ezixhunywe nemicimbi yamanje: isigameko, ingqungquthela yabezindaba, umbukiso okudingeka umbozwe ohlelweni lwezindaba noma iphephandaba losuku olulandelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithombe zomphakathi zivame ukukhula kumaphrojekthi esikhathi esiphakathi noma eside, anesikhala socwaningo, ukulandelwa okude, kanye nokwakhiwa ngamabomu kwendaba ebonakalayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba abathwebuli bezithombe bevame ukusabela ezidingweni zesikhungo esithile sabezindaba, abathwebuli bezithombe bezenhlalo bavame ukuphishekela amaphrojekthi abo noma ukubambisana nezinhlangano ezizimele, izikhungo zamasiko, noma amaqembu ezakhamuzi . Lokhu kubanika inkululeko enkulu yokujula esihlokweni esithile, kodwa futhi kudinga ukufuna ezinye izindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali kanye nokusabalalisa.
Kunoma ikuphi, umngcele phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili uya ngokuya ufiphala. Imisebenzi eminingi yezithombe zekhwalithi ephezulu isebenza njengemiklamo yezithombe zenhlalo, futhi abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi bahlanganisa imisebenzi yezindaba zamanje nezindatshana zesikhathi eside ngezihloko ezibathakazelisa bona mathupha.
Izincwadi nezinkomba zokubheka ngokujulile izithombe zenhlalo
Uma ufuna ukuthatha izithombe zomphakathi ngokungathi sína, kungumqondo omuhle hhayi nje ukuthatha izithombe, kodwa nokufunda nokubuka imisebenzi eminingi yabanye abantu . Izincwadi eziphathelene nomsebenzi wezenhlalo wezithombe ziningi, futhi imisebenzi eminingana isibe yizinkomba ezibalulekile zokuqonda ukuthi izithombe zihlanganyela kanjani ekwakhiweni kwenkumbulo kanye nokuqonda kwabantu bonke.
Elinye lamazwi anethonya kakhulu kulo mkhakha yilelo lombhali-mlando nomthwebuli wezithombe uBoris Kossoy . Encwadini yakhe ethi "Photography and History," uhlaziya izithombe njengombhalo, umthombo, nobufakazi, ehlola ukuthi izithombe zingasiza kanjani ekwakheni kabusha isikhathi esidlule nokuqonda kangcono izinqubo zomphakathi. Akuyona incwadi yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kunalokho umbhalo wemfundiso odinga isizinda esithile emlandweni nasefilosofi, kodwa wandisa kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu indima yezithombe emphakathini.
Omunye umbhali obalulekile nguGisèle Freund , ohlanganisa ukuzindla okungokwemfundiso kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe. UFreund waphila ezimweni ezinzima ezifana nobuNazi eJalimane kanye nokuthathwa kweParis, futhi ulandisa ngendlela ikhamera eyaba ngayo ithuluzi lakhe lokubuka, ukuqonda, kanye, ngezinga elithile, lokumelana.
Ukuze uthole umbono wakamuva nophelele ngalolu hlobo, incwadi kaMichelle Bogre ethi "Documentary Photography Reconsidered" inconywa kakhulu . Le ncwadi iphinda ibukeze isiko lokuthwebula izithombe ezibhaliwe, ifaka izingxoxo nabathwebuli bezithombe banamuhla, futhi ikhuluma ngezinkinga zamanje njengokusetshenziswa kwama -drones kumaphrojekthi okuthwebula izithombe zenhlalo kanye nomthelela wezokuxhumana ekusakazweni komsebenzi obhaliwe.
Okunye okubalulekile umnikelo wezifundo ezifana nokuthi “Ukwakhiwa Kweqiniso Komphakathi Ngokuthatha Izithombe Nokuqopha Okufundisayo eSpain Yekhulu Le-19,” nguBernardo Riego . Lo msebenzi uhlaziya indlela izithombe zabezindaba, zombili ezithwebula izithombe neziqoshwe ngayo, ezasiza ngayo ekwakheni umbono ohlangene wezenzakalo eziyinhloko zaleso sikhathi, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi izithombe azibonisi nje kuphela iqiniso kodwa futhi ziyalibumba ngokomfanekiso.
Emhlabeni jikelele, izincwadi ezifana nethi “Picturing Migrants: The Grapes of Wrath kanye neNew Deal Documentary Photography” zihlola umsebenzi wabathwebuli bezithombe besikhathi seNew Deal e-United States, zikhombisa ukuthi izithombe zabo zokufuduka kwangaphakathi kanye nobumpofu basemakhaya zihlala ziyinkomba yokuziphatha nobuhle kulabo ababhala phansi izinkinga zobuntu kanye nokufuduka kwabantu ngenkani namuhla.
ELatin America, igama elithi Sebastião Salgado alinakugwenywa uma kukhulunywa ngezithombe zomphakathi. Imisebenzi efana nethi “Other Americas” ihlanganisa amashumi eminyaka yomsebenzi emazweni afana neBrazil, i-Ecuador, iPeru, neMexico, ihlanganisa ubuhle obunamandla nokuzibophezela ngokuphelele emiphakathini evezwayo. Amaphrojekthi akhe aqhathaniswe namanoveli eqiniso elimangalisayo ngenxa yobukhulu obubonakalayo nobungokomzwelo abonisa ngabo amaqiniso anzima.
Okokugcina, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngemisebenzi exhumanisa izithombe kanye nomzabalazo wezepolitiki , njenge-“The Insubordination of Photography,” egxile endimeni yezithombe ngesikhathi sobushiqela bukaPinochet eChile. Lo msebenzi uhlaziya indlela izithombe ezazisetshenziswa ngayo kokubili ukubhala phansi ukucindezelwa kanye nokusola ukunyamalala ngenkani kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, okubonisa ukuthi ikhamera ingaba uhlobo lokumelana.
Imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukumaketha okubonakalayo, kanye nezithombe zokuxhumana
Namuhla, akunakwenzeka ukukhuluma ngezithombe zokuxhumana ngaphandle kokucabangela indima yezokuxhumana kanye nokumaketha okubonakalayo . Siphila sizungezwe izithombe, futhi ubuchopho bucubungula lolo lwazi ngokushesha kakhulu kunombhalo, ngakho isithombe osithumela ku-Instagram, Twitter, noma ku-Facebook singaba, noma ngabe singcono noma sibi, umbono wokuqala umuntu awutholayo ngomsebenzi wakho noma imbangela owubhala phansi.
Uma ungumthwebuli wezithombe futhi ufuna umsebenzi wakho wezenhlalo ufinyeleleke kabanzi, udinga ukunaka kokubili ikhwalithi yobuchwepheshe yezithombe zakho kanye nokufaneleka kwazo ezilalelini zakho oziqondile. Akwanele ukuthi isithombe sibonakale kahle futhi sigxile; kumele sixhumane nezintshisekelo, ukukhathazeka, kanye nemizwa yezilaleli epulatifomu ngayinye. Indawo enhle yokuqala ukujwayela ukuthwebula izithombe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana , njengoba okuqukethwe okufanayo kungenzi ngendlela efanayo ku-Instagram, LinkedIn, noma ku-Twitter, futhi kuyalulekwa ukuthi ulungise ifomethi kanye nendlela efanele.
Isibonelo, izithombe zabantu abajabule, labo abanomuzwa wokufeza okuthile, noma labo ababonisa imizwa emihle bavame ukudala ukuxhumana okwengeziwe ezimweni eziningi ngoba bavuselela uzwela kanye nelukuluku. Izithombe zezingane noma izilwane nazo zinamandla amakhulu okuzibandakanya, yize ezithombeni zenhlalo kungcono ukuzisebenzisa kuphela uma zihlobene nesihloko, ukuze ugweme ukusebenzisa izithombe ezilula nezingenawo umongo.
Okwamanje, okuqukethwe kokudla okukhangayo nomkhiqizo kubonakala kahle kakhulu kumanethiwekhi abonakalayo, okungaba wusizo uma uhlanganisa umsebenzi wezokuxhumana nabantu namakhomishini ezentengiselwano. Kodwa-ke, ukuze wakhe uphawu lomuntu siqu oluqinile njengomthwebuli wezithombe zezokuxhumana nabantu, kubalulekile ukugcina ukuhambisana kobuhle nesihloko kukho konke okuphakelayo kwakho: noma ubani ovakashela iphrofayela yakho kufanele aqaphele isitayela sakho futhi aqonde ngokushesha izinhlobo zezindaba ozixoxayo.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, kusiza kakhulu ukuhlela isimiso sokuthumela , ugweme ukusebenzisa ngokweqile izihlungi zemidiya yokuxhumana nabantu ezizenzakalelayo (ukuhlela ngokucophelela nangokuqhubekayo kungcono), futhi uhloniphe ubukhulu obunconywayo bepulatifomu ngayinye ukuze izithombe zakho zibukeke zibukhali futhi zihlelwe kahle. Lokhu akukhona nje ukumaketha; kuyindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umlayezo wokuxhumana nabantu ofuna ukuwudlulisa awunciphiswa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamathuluzi.
Ngale kobuhle, umbhalo ohambisana nezithombe zakho uhlala ubalulekile. Incazelo enhle inganikeza umongo, ikhuthaze ukuzindla, noma ikhuthaze isenzo. Hlosa ukuba sobala, kube mfushane, futhi kuqondile, umema izilaleli zakho ukuthi ziphawule, zabelane, noma zivakashele isixhumanisi ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe. Futhi, vele, lungisa isipelingi nethoni: ukwethembeka kwakho njengombhali kwakhelwe namagama owakhethayo.
Amathuba ochwepheshe ahlobene nokuthwebula izithombe zenhlalo
Nakuba izithombe zenhlalo zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi kanye nokuzibophezela kunokuba kube nemali, kunamathuba angempela okuba uchwepheshe kulo mkhakha. Inselele itholakala ekutholeni ibhalansi phakathi kobuqotho bokuziphatha kanye nesidingo sokuziphilisa ngomsebenzi wakho, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwemithombo yemali engenayo kanye nokufuna abalingani abangochwepheshe.
Indlela ejwayelekile ukusebenzisana nezindawo zezindaba kanye nomagazini bezindatshana zezithombe , kokubili okuphrintiwe kanye nokwedijithali. Izincwadi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ziyaqhubeka nokufuna amaphrojekthi aqinile amadokhumenti anikeza umbono wokuqala ngezehlakalo zamanje noma amaqiniso angabikwa kahle. Ukuba nephothifoliyo ehambisanayo, egxile ezindikimbeni ezimbalwa ezithuthukisiwe kahle, kwandisa kakhulu amathuba akho okungena kulo mkhakha.
Okunye okungenzeka yimibukiso , kungaba semagalari, ezikhungweni zamasiko, emikhosini yezithombe, noma ngisho nasezindaweni eziku-inthanethi. Nakuba lokhu kungasho njalo ukuthi kunenzuzo ephezulu eqondile, kungadala ukuthengiswa kwamaphrinti, amakhomishini, kanye noxhumana nabo kamuva aba amaphrojekthi akhokhelwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisizathu esihle sokusebenza ochungechungeni lwakho ngokucophelela, ucabange ngokulandelana, futhi uhlele ngokucophelela.
Ama-NGO , izinhlangano ezizimele, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi nazo zingabangane abakhulu abangaba khona kubathwebuli bezithombe zenhlalo. Eziningi zalezi zinhlangano zidinga ukubhala phansi izinhlelo zazo, imikhankaso, kanye namaphrojekthi azo, futhi ziyazisa ukuba nochwepheshe abangakwazi ukuhamba ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngozwela. Lapha, kubalulekile ukuvumelanisa okulindelwe: kwenze kucace kwasekuqaleni ukuthi ufuna indlela ekhululekile, yomuntu siqu noma iphrojekthi ehlelekile, eqondiswe kakhudlwana.
Okokugcina, abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi abangodokhumentari banezela imali yabo engenayo ngama -workshop, izingxoxo, izifundo eziku-inthanethi, kanye nokuqeqeshwa , babelane ngolwazi lwabo nalabo abasaqala. Lesi sici sokufundisa asigcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngokuzinza kwezezimali kodwa futhi sisiza ekucaciseni izinqubo zakho zangaphakathi ngokuzichazela abanye.
Ekugcineni, izithombe zenhlalo zingaphezu nje kohlobo: ziyindlela yokuzibona nokuzibeka emhlabeni. Zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ucwaningo, ukuziphatha, kanye nokuzwela ukuguqula ikhamera ibe ithuluzi lokuqonda, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, lokushintsha. Uma unquma ukungena kukho ngokwethembeka nokubekezela, ngeke nje uthuthuke njengomthwebuli wezithombe, kodwa futhi uzothuthukisa ukuqonda kwakho iqiniso elikuzungezile.