El ikhathalogi raisonnĂ© yokuqala yemidwebo ka-JoaquĂn Sorolla Manje sekuyinto engokoqobo. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka omsebenzi ezinqolobaneni zomlando, amaqoqo omphakathi, kanye nezimali ezizimele, umcwaningi UBlanca Pons-Sorolla, umzukulu womdwebi waseValencian, wethule e Imyuziyamu yasePrado umthamo wokuqala womsebenzi omiselwe ukuba yisithenjwa esibalulekile sokuqonda umphathi wokukhanya.
Este ivolumu yokuqala "I-Sorolla. Ikhathalogu raisonné yemidwebo (1876-1894)" iletha ndawonye ukukhiqizwa kweminyaka yokuqalwa komdwebi kanye nempumelelo yasekuqaleni, kusukela kumculi wakhe. iminyaka 13 kuze kube yilapho ethi useyitholile indlela yakhe njengomdwebi. Lesi yisikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu. kusenesikhathi futhi akwaziwa yomsebenzi wakhe, enemisebenzi eminingi manje eshicilelwayo futhi efundwa okokuqala ngqa.
Iphrojekthi eyisikhumbuzo yokuhlela imidwebo engu-4.200
Kunokuba ibe enye nje incwadi ekhuluma ngomdwebi, le khathalogi raisonné iyisiqalo se- iphrojekthi eyisikhumbuzo: ukulungisa kumavolumu amane wonke ukukhiqizwa kwesithombe kwe-Sorolla, okulinganiselwe ngo cishe 4.200 imisebenzi Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa imidwebo kawoyela, ama-watercolor, nama-gouache, asatshalaliswa emnyuziyamu namaqoqo emhlabeni wonke. Iphinde ibone ngeso lengqondo cishe Imifanekiso eyi-4.500 leyo dokhumenti futhi ihambisane nocezu ngalunye.
Ivolumu esanda kushicilelwa inikezelwe esikhathini 1876-1894 bese ucosha 1.073 iyasebenza yamasu ahlukene, ahlelwe ngokulandelana kwawo futhi aphelezelwa amashidi ezobuchwepheshe kubuyekezwe ngokucophelela. Eziningi zalezi zingcezu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezenziwe ngesikhathi esafunda futhi ehlala kuzo ItaliaKwakunzima ukubathola futhi ihlale ingashicilelwe noma wafunda kancane.
Umbono wukuthi imiqulu emithathu elandelayo izoqedela i-arc yempilo yomdwebi: owesibili uzohlanganisa 1895-1903, izinzipho 1.040 imidweboOkwesithathu, iminyaka 1904-1911, mayelana 1.200 iyasebenza exhumene nemibukiso yayo emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe; kanti owesine uzogxila esikhathini 1912-1920, nge nxazonke Izingxenye ze-1.000, kuze kube unhlangothi okwamehlukanisa ngokuphelele nokudweba eneminyaka engu-57.
Ngokwesibikezelo somshicileli, El Viso EditionsImiqulu emithathu esele izokhishwa eminyakeni embalwa ezayo futhi izohlinzeka a Ikhophasi ephelele, eyaliwe futhi eqinisekiswe ngokwesayensi kuyo yonke imidwebo kaSorolla. Azoshicilelwa ku izinguqulo ezimbili ezizimele, ngeSpanishi nangesiNgisi, nokunyatheliswa kokuqala kwe Amakhophi ayi-1.000 ngolimi ngalunye.
Umqulu wokuqala: kusukela kwentsha kuya kumdwebi othola indlela yakhe
Umthamo owethulwe ePrado ugxile ku iminyaka yokuqala engu-18 yomsebenzi womdwebi, kusukela ekuqaleni kwakhe ku Valencia kuze kube ngu-1894, unyaka oyinhloko lapho, ngokusho komndeni ngokwawo, uSorolla thola izwi lakho njengomculi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi efakiwe kukhona edumile "Buyela ekudobeni", awine ngayo umklomelo wokuqala eParis Salon futhi manje oseyingxenye yamaqoqo ka Imyuziyamu ye-D'Orsay yenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance.
Kulesi sigaba sokuqala umdwebi usuka ekubeni umfundi osemncane ngokulambisa iminyaka 13 kumdali ozazi ngokugcwele izinsiza zakhe. Ikhathalogi ikhombisa ukuthi uhlanganisa kanjani eyakhe uthando lokudwebaubuciko bombala futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokho ukuthatheka ngokukhanya okuzophawula umsebenzi wakhe ovuthiwe. Njengoba uPons-Sorolla egcizelela, lapha sibona «Umsebenzi ka-Sorolla owaziwa kancane", ngokuzivocavoca, izindatshana kanye nezinguquko ezisiza ukuqonda uthisha wakamuva.
Incwadi ihlanganisa amafutha, ama-watercolor nama-gouache, bonke baphinde bazalanisa phakathi isithombe sombala noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Kuphela ezimeni lapho ingekho eminye imibhalo ekhona lapho kusetshenziswa izithombe zomlando. mnyama nokumhlopheIngxenye ebalulekile yemisebenzi yembulwa okokuqala manje, kulandela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye indawo emaqoqweni angasese kanye nezimali ezihlakazekile.
Lo mqulu uphinde uhlanganyele nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ivolumu 0", ikhathalogu raisonné yemidwebo egcinwe ku ISorolla MuseumIshicilelwe ngo-2019 futhi igxile kokucishe Izingxenye ze-1.300 eMadrid house-museum. Lowo msebenzi usebenze njengesisekelo nenkundla yokuhlola indlela esetshenzwa manje kukho konke ukukhiqizwa kweciko.
Iminyaka engamashumi amane yocwaningo lukaBlanca Pons-Sorolla
Ngemuva kwekhathalogi kukhona cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane yomsebenzi nguBlanca Pons-Sorolla. Ubudlelwano bakhe nephrojekthi abusuki kukhomishini yakamuva, kodwa kusukela ku-a isixhumanisi esibalulekile ngomsebenzi kakhokho wakhe. Kusukela esemncane, ugogo nomkhulu wakhe—nabadwebi—noyise bamfundisa buka umdwebo Wayesezijwayele kakade amakamelo eSorolla Museum, yona ngokwakhe eyayisanomuzwa wokuthi iyikhaya lomndeni.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-80, uPons-Sorolla waqala ukuphenya ngokuhlelekile impilo nomsebenzi yomculi, kuqala eceleni kukayise, UFrancisco Pons-Sorollafuthi kamuva eyedwa, lapho edlulisela ithoshi kuye ngawo-1990. Ukufundwa kwe i-epistolary Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-JoaquĂn Sorolla nomkakhe, uClotilde, bekungesinye sezikhathi ezinqumayo: lezo zincwadi, njengoba evumile, zamholela ekutheni nikela ukuphila kwakho esitudiyo somdwebi.
Wasuka lapho wethula i- wide inqubo yokwenza ikhathalogiUkuqoqwa kwemibhalo, izithombe ezindala, izinkomba zemibukiso, ne-bibliography. Ngosizo lweqembu le abenzi bamafilimu kanye nongotiWakha isizindalwazi esithile ukuze aqophe umsebenzi ngamunye, ukwahluka kwawo, ukuvela kwawo, kanye nezinguquko zesibaluli. Umbhali akanqeni ukuchaza lo msebenzi ngokuthi "titanic", kokubili ngenxa yenani lezinto kanye nesidingo sokuhlola ucezu ngalunye lwedatha.
Ngaleyo minyaka kwavela nezinye iziqophamlando ezixhumene ne-Sorolla: ukushicilelwa kwe izindaba zomuntuizincwadi editions kanye izincwadikanye nemibukiso eminingi eminyuziyamu yaseSpain neyangaphandle. Phakathi kwabo, imibukiso obuhlelwe e Igalari kazwelonke yaseLondon noma leyo enikezelwe kuSorolla ku Royal Collections, kanye nezenzo ezihlobene ne ikhulu leminyaka lokufa kwakhe ebanjwe ngo-2023, lapho amaphrojekthi ocwaningo nokusabalalisa anda.
Umbhali ugcizelela ukuthi nangesikhathi se bhubhane Wasebenzisa leso sikhathi ukuze enze intuthuko emakhasini okwaziswa emiqulu emithathu kwemine, ebonisa izinga umsebenzi ohlotshaniswa ngalo nokuphila kwakhe kwansuku zonke. Eqinisweni, uyavuma ukuthi isifiso sakhe siqu siwukuba Bona yonke imiqulu eshicilelwe kanye nabahlanganyeli nabangane abahambe naye kulolu hambo olude.
Okuqukethwe kanye nendlela yekhathalogi raisonné
Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kabusha kwemidwebo, ivolumu ngayinye yekhathalogi ithathwa njenge-a ithuluzi lomsebenzi Kochwepheshe, iminyuziyamu, abaqoqi, nabathandi bobuciko. Umqulu wokuqala, wokuzungeza 450-480 amakhasi nemifanekiso eyinkulungwane enhle; ayigcini nje ngokubhala izingcezu, kodwa izifaka esakhiweni umlando womuntu kanye nokulandelana kwezenzakalo enembe kakhulu.
Isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa a imininingwane ye-bio-chronology Umsebenzi ka-Sorolla phakathi neminyaka ehambisanayo, lapho imicimbi yomuntu siqu, uhambo, amakhomishini, nokutuswa kuhlangana khona. Kwengezwe kulokhu yi-a i-bibliography ebuyekeziwe, ukubhaliswa kwe imibukiso ezifake imisebenzi neyodwa isingeniso semethodical echaza indlela yokunquma elandelwayo yokwenza ikhathalogi, ukuphola nokulingana nohlu lwangaphambilini.
Esinye sezigaba eziwusizo kakhulu yileso esimayelana ne amatafula okulinganaLezi zixhumanisa izinombolo zamanje zekhathalogi kwamanye amasistimu ereferensi asetshenziswe esikhathini esidlule, elibaluleke kakhulu kubacwaningi abahlola izinqolobane zakudala noma amakhathalogi endali. Baphinde babhale i- imvelaphi, izinguquko zobunikazi kanye, lapho kwaziwa, umzila wokubukisa wesiqephu ngasinye.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenziwe nge isithombe sombala izinga eliphezulu cishe kuzo zonke izimo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi embalwa okunobufakazi bayo obuyingcaca kuphela mnyama nokumhlopheI-edishini enoqwembe oluqinile, enefomethi enkulu ifuna ukulinganisa uhlamvu usosayensi Le ncwadi inesethulo esifanele umphakathi ojwayelekile onentshisekelo kwezobuciko. Intengo yokuqala yevolumu yokuqala isiseduze I-120 euro, ngokuhambisana nezinye izincwadi eziyizithenjwa zalolu hlobo.
Ngokusho kwabashicileli, isethi enemiqulu emine izohlanganisa ndawonye 4.200 imidwebo, okuningi Izithombe ze-4.500, okuningi Izikhombo ze-bibliographic ezingama-300 futhi eduze 400 umbukiso ibalulaInhloso ebekiwe ukusungula a ikhophasi evulekilenjengoba imisebenzi iqhubeka nokuvela emaqoqweni ayimfihlo okuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, azokwazi ukwengezwa kule mephu evamile yokukhiqizwa kwe-Sorolla.
Izikhungo ezihilelekile kanye nokuqagela kwamazwe ngamazwe
Ukwethulwa kwekhathalogi ku Imyuziyamu yasePrado Lokhu akukhona ukuqondana. USorolla ngokwakhe wayevame ukuvakashela izitudiyo zakhe eseyinsizwa ayekopisha ngayo imisebenzi Velazquez nezinye izingcweti, futhi umnyuziyamu uyawugcina namuhla 23 imidwebo ngomculi. Inhloko yezokongiwa kwemidwebo yekhulu le-19, UJavier BaronUbephethe ukugqamisa i ukuqina kwesayensi yomsebenzi we-Pons-Sorolla nokubaluleka kokuba nethuluzi elihlela ngokuqinile ukukhiqizwa komdwebi.
Nabebebambe iqhaza kulo mcimbi bekukhona Gonzalo Saavedra, umqondisi we El Viso Editions; U-Enrique Varela, umqondisi we ISorolla Museumnabameleli be Meadows Museum kusuka eDallas futhi kusuka I-Custard Institute for Spanish Art and Culture, njenge Amanda Dotseth y Greg WardenBonke bagcizelele umlingiswa abafisa ukuvelela kanye nesidingo yephrojekthi, kokubili kweSpain kanye nesimo samazwe ngamazwe.
I-Saavedra ichaze ikhathalogi njengohlobo lwe "i-orchestra" lapho kudingekile ukuxhumanisa "izinsimbi" eziningi - abacwaningi, abathwebuli bezithombe, abahleli, abahumushi, izikhungo - ukuze umphumela uzwakale ucushwe kahle. Kusukela endlini yokushicilela, onguchwepheshe izincwadi zobuciko, izithombe, izakhiwo kanye nomklamoUlwazi oluzuzwe kumaphrojekthi afanayo kanye nokuzimisela ukunakekela amazinga aphezulu kokubili kokuqukethwe kanye nesimo.
El ISorolla Museum, okwamanje ivaliwe emphakathini ngenxa yemisebenzi ukunwetshwa nokuvuselelwa ye-house-museum, ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile. Umqondisi wayo, u-Enrique Varela, ukholelwa ukuthi le khathalogi ifika ngesikhathi esifanele, ngokuhambisana nezenzakalo zesikhumbuzo ikhulu leminyaka lokufa yeciko kanye nenkulumompikiswano mayelana nokuthi kanjani buyekeza ukufunda womsebenzi wakhe wezizukulwane ezintsha.
Iphrojekthi ine ukwesekwa ngokwezimali we I-Sorolla Museum Foundation, lo Inxusa laseSpain e-United States kanye nezinhlangano ezifana ne- I-KHR McNeely Family Foundation, ngokusebenzisa I-Custard Institute futhi i Meadows MuseumUmgomo uwukuba uhlelo lwezilimi ezimbili lube nobubanzi ukusatshalaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe lokho kufinyelela EYurophu, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe unentshisekelo kwezobuciko zaseSpain.
Izikhungo ezifana ne Meadows Museum Bakhumbula ukuthi i-Sorolla ibiyingxenye yamaqoqo abo kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 nokuthi amaphrojekthi alolu hlobo ahambisana nomsebenzi wabo cwaninga, ukhuthaze futhi wabelane Ubuciko baseSpain. Kuyagcizelelwa ukuthi le khathalogi raisonné, kusukela manje kuqhubeke, iyoba inkomba ithuluzi nganoma yisiphi isifundo mayelana nomdwebi.
Ingcweti Yokukhanya: Ingqikithi Yobuciko Nefa
Ikhathalogi raisonnĂ© ayigcini nje ngokuhlanganisa ama-canvases, kodwa futhi isiza ukubeka indawo engcono U-JoaquĂn Sorolla (1863-1923) endaweni yobuciko yaseYurophu yesikhathi sakhe. Uzalelwe eValencia, umdwebi oqeqeshelwe umqhudelwano Isikole Sobuciko SaseSan Carlos futhi ngokushesha wagqama ngekhono lakhe lobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lakhe lokubamba Ukukhanya kweMeditheraLapho eneminyaka engu-15, wayesevele ecwile endaweni yothisha nabeluleki ababelolonga ukukhula kwakhe.
Izibalo ezibalulekile esigabeni sayo sokuqala zihlanganisa Baltasar Perales, Luis Santonja y U-Antonio GarciaLona wakamuva wayengumthwebuli wezithombe kanye nomkhwekazi womdwebi wesikhathi esizayo. Ngabo, uSorolla uqinise ukunambitheka kwakhe kwe umdwebo oqinile nangokubuka okuqondile iqiniso. Ukuthola a umfundaze njengomuntu ohola impesheni eRoma Ukuhamba kwakhe edabula e-Italy naseFrance kwamvumela ukuthi azibonele mathupha isiko lasendulo kanye nokunyakaza kwamanje kakhulu.
EParis uthole ithuba lokubona imisebenzi yabaculi abafana Claude Monet kanye namanye ama-Impressionists, athonya ukuqonda kwakhe umdwebo wangaphandleKodwa-ke, uPons-Sorolla ugcizelela ukuthi owakhe abayizibonelo ezinkulu Kwakungothisha baseSpain, ikakhulukazi Velazquez y GoyaKusukela ekuqaleni wazuza isithakazelo chiaroscuro kanye nemvelo ekumelelweni; kusukela kwesibili, ikhono lokuhlanganisa izigcawu zansuku zonke ngokushaja okunamandla okuvezwayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Sorolla wazibonakalisa njengo umdwebi ongakhathalinjalo uzimisele ukuzama izixazululo ezintsha zokuthwebula ukunyakaza, umkhathi, kanye nemicabango emanzini noma esihlabathini. U-Pons-Sorolla ukhumbula ukuthi "ugqozi lwaluhlala lummangaza nge amabhulashi okupenda esandleni"," umusho ophindwa kaningi ezinkulumweni ezimayelana nomdwebi ukuze agcizelele umlingiswa wakhe osebenza kanzima nowenza ngendlela.
Impumelelo yakhe enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe, njengemiklomelo ayithole emdlalweni I-Universal Exhibition yaseParis yango-1900 noma ku Umbukiso Kazwelonke Wezobuciko Ezinhle waseMadridLokhu kuqashelwa kuphawule inkathi yoshintsho. Bamvumela ukuthi avale isahluko esigxile ekuwineni imiklomelo futhi azinikele kulokho ayenomuzwa wokuthi kufanele akwenze njengomdwebi: ukuthuthukisa ulimi lwakhe, olukhululekile nolwesimanje, okwagcina kumbeke phakathi kwamagama amakhulu umdwebo wesimanje waseYurophu.
Ikhathalogu raisonnĂ© futhi ihlanganisa, emiqulu yayo yakamuva, inkathi enkulu Izithombe - yezibalo ezifana UBenito PĂ©rez GaldĂ³s, U-Antonio Machado, Ramon y Cajal o UVicente Blasco IbĂ¡Ă±ez- kanye nomjikelezo wephaneli wokuvelela we I-Hispanic Society waseNew York, owaziwa ngokuthi "Umbono waseSpain", enye yezinkampani ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlobisa ngaleso sikhathi.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, ngaphambi kokushaywa unhlangothi okwamphoqa ukuthi ayeke ukudweba ngaphakathi 1920U-Sorolla waqhubeka nokusebenza izingadi, izindawo zolwandle kanye nezigcawu zohloboEziningi zazo zazibekwe emzini wakhe kanye nezingadi zase-Andalusia. Ngokusho komzukulu wakhe wendodakazi, lokhu "kuthululwa kwemizwa" kanye nomzamo wakhe oqhubekayo wokuhumusha lokho akubona emidwebeni kwayiqeda amandla impilo yakhe, kodwa kwashiya ifa ukuzala okungavamile.
Ngakho-ke ukushicilelwa kwalo mqulu wokuqala wekhathalogi raisonné kungaphezu nje kwengqopha-mlando yokushicilela. Imele isiphetho esingaphelele se-a umzamo ngokubambisana okuhlanganise ndawonye iminyuziyamu, izisekelo, ochwepheshe kanye nemindeni mayelana nomgomo ofanayo: hlela, bhala futhi wenze kufinyeleleke Umsebenzi womunye wezingcweti ezinkulu zomdwebo waseSpain. Ngemiqulu elandelayo endleleni, kuvulwa isiteji esisha sokutadisha i-Sorolla, lapho kuzoba lula ukulandela ukuvela kombono wakhe, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana komsebenzi wakhe, nokuhlola ngokunembile indawo yakhe emlandweni wobuciko baseYurophu.
