Un Umdwebo ephepheni wenkosi yaseDutch u-Rembrandt van RijnLo mdwebo, obonisa ibhubesi eliphumule, ube ngomunye wemikhiqizo emikhulu yakamuva emakethe yobuciko. Lo mdwebo ufinyelele... Ama-dollar ayi-17,8 endalini eyayibanjelwe eNew York, endlunkulu yaseSotheby, inani elalingaphakathi kobubanzi obulindelwe kodwa liqinisekisa intshisekelo eqhubekayo kubaphathi bamadala baseYurophu.
Ngale kwentengo, okwenza umehluko kulokhu yindawo lapho imali izotholakala khona: Yonke imali engenayo izoya ePanthera, inhlangano yomhlaba wonke ezinikele ekuvikeleni amakati amakhulu kanye nezindawo zawo zokuhlala. Esimweni se inkinga yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayoLo msebenzi ubonwe njengesibonelo esiphawulekayo sendlela ifa lobuciko elingadlulisela ngayo izinsiza kumaphrojekthi athile ezemvelo.
Ingonyama eyingqayizivele emsebenzini kaRembrandt
Umsebenzi, owaziwa ngokuthi “Ibhubesi Elincane Liphumulile” (Ibhubesi elincane liphumule), bekulokhu kunjalo kuze kube manje umfanekiso wesilwane kuphela kaRembrandt owasala ezandleni zangaseseLo mlingiswa oyingqayizivele ube ngenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezichaza intshisekelo yabaqoqi kanye neminyuziyamu, kokubili eYurophu nase-United States, lapho ikhishwa emakethe.
Umdwebo wanikezwa endalini yokuqala yonyaka ka- “amakhosi amadala” ihlelwe yiSotheby's eNew York, umcimbi ohlanganisa imisebenzi eyenziwe phakathi kwekhulu le-13 nele-19, ngokugxila okukhethekile ku- Isiko lezithombe laseYurophuNgaphakathi kwalesi simo, ikati likaRembrandt lavezwa njengenkanyezi yekhathalogi, lasusa ezinye izingcezu zesikhundla esiphezulu kwezomnotho.
Indlu yendali yayibeke isilinganiso sangaphambilini esiphakathi kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-15 nezingu-20Leli banga lahlonishwa ngomphumela wokugcina, owawela phakathi kwebanga eliphakathi kuya kweliphezulu. Emakethe yemidwebo ye-Old Masters, leli nani libaluleke kakhulu, uma ubheka ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuthengiswa kwezigidi zamaRandi aluvamile kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemidwebo yamafutha.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, isithombe sibonisa Ibhubesi libonakala likhululekile, kodwa imisipha yalo iqinile.sengathi izoqala ukusebenza. Le ngxube yokuzola nokungaphumuli, etholakala ngemigqa eqinile nokugezwa ngoyinki, ifanelana nedumela likaRembrandt njengomqapheli omkhulu wesimo somuntu, edluliselwe lapha ezweni lezilwane.
Ukuqomisana kanye nenqubo yokudala yenkosi yaseDashi
Ochwepheshe baseSotheby babeka ukudalwa komdwebo phakathi kweminyaka yama-1630 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1640Lesi kwakungesinye sezikhathi zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu zomdwebi. Phakathi nale minyaka, uRembrandt wazama kakhulu ukudweba nokuphrinta, esebenzisa iphepha njengendawo yokufunda ukukhanya, ukushukuma komzimba, kanye nokuthungwa ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izixazululo ezithile emidwebweni yakhe.
Kulokhu, imithombo ikhombisa ukuthi lo mculi wasebenza ngokuqondile kusukela ekubonweni kwengonyama yangempelaCishe kwakuseqoqweni langasese noma uhlobo oluthile lwezindawo zokugcina izilwane, ezazivamile ezinkantolo ezahlukene zaseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kuxhumana okuqondile kwakuyovumela ukubanjwa kwemininingwane enembile kakhulu yomzimba, into engabonakala endaweni yemilenze kanye nokubonakaliswa okugxilile kwesilwane.
Izazi zigcizelela ukuthi uRembrandt wenza imidwebo eminingi yalolu hlobo lwesilwaneokuyinto ayibheka njengebalulekile ekulungiseni ukuqonda kwakhe imvelo. Nakuba iningi lemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwayo igxile ezigcawini noma ezithombeni eziseBhayibhelini, imidwebo efana nalena yembula ububanzi bezintshisekelo zakhe kanye nesithakazelo sakhe kunoma yini engamelwa ngokwethembeka nangokungokoqobo.
UGregory Rubinstein, inhloko yoMnyango Wemidwebo Yakudala eSotheby's, ukhombisile ukuthi Umdwebo kaRembrandt walolu hlobo wawungabonwa emakethe okungenani iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu.Kwabaqoqi baseYurophu abangochwepheshe bephepha lasendulo, lokhu kusweleka kwenezela ungqimba olwengeziwe lokungavamile oluthonya inani lokugcina.
UThomas Kaplan kanye nesinqumo sokunikela ngo-100% wokuthengiswa
Umnikazi onqume ukuhlukana nomdwebo ngu- Usomabhizinisi waseMelika kanye nomsizi wokusiza abantu uThomas KaplanUKaplan, owaziwa emhlabeni wobuciko ngeqoqo lakhe elibalulekile lobuciko bekhulu le-16 nele-17 kanye nokuzibandakanya kwakhe ngenkuthalo kumaphrojekthi ezemvelo, ubelokhu ehlotshaniswa nale ngxenye, ebilokhu iboniswa emibukisweni yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nasezikhungweni zaseYurophu ezigxile kwezobuciko baseDashi.
Ezinyangeni ezandulela indali, umdwebo wawuboniswa e- Imyuziyamu ye-H'ART e-AmsterdamLokhu kwavumela umphakathi waseYurophu ukuba uyibone eduze ngaphambi kokuthengiswa kwayo. Umbukiso waqokomisa ukusetshenziswa kukaRembrandt kwezindwangu ezimpunga kanye nokuxhumana kwezithunzi ezigcizelela ukuma kwekhanda lengonyama kanye nezinzipho zangaphambili, izinto ezibonisa ubuchule bakhe bobuchwepheshe bephepha.
UKaplan wanquma ukuthi Inani eliphelele lomsebenzi lizoya ePantheraUngomunye wabagqugquzeli abavelele kakhulu bale nhlangano. Umqoqi ngokwakhe uchaze izikhathi eziningana ukuthi ukulondolozwa kwezilwane zasendle, kuye, kuyisibopho esinamandla njengentshisekelo yakhe kwezobuciko bakudala, kuze kube seqophelweni lokunikezela ingxenye yeqoqo lakhe lobuciko kulo mkhankaso.
Emakethe lapho iminikelo engaphelele ivame khona, isinqumo sokuthi nikela ngo-100% wemali etholwe ekuthengisweni kwaleli zinga Kusabhekwa njengokungavamile. Le ndlela isiza ekuqiniseni isimo esingokomfanekiso sendali futhi ivula ithuba lokuba abanye abanikazi bemisebenzi ebiza kakhulu bacabangele amafomula afanayo esikhathini esizayo.
I-Panthera kanye nokuphuthuma kokuvikela amakati asendle
Inhlangano ezuzayo, I-PantheraIndlunkulu yayo ise-United States kodwa isebenza emazwenikazi amaningana, okuhlanganisa ne-Afrika, lapho kuhlala khona ingxenye enkulu yamakati amakhulu emhlabeni. Umsebenzi wayo uwukuthi ukuvikela izinhlobo ezifana namabhubesi, amahlosi, izingwe kanye nama-jaguarkanye nokulondoloza imvelo abahlala kuyo.
Imininingwane ephethwe yinhlangano idweba isithombe esikhathazayo: Inani lamabhubesi emhlabeni lehle cishe ngo-90% ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule...kwehle kusuka kumakhophi angaba ngu-200.000 kuya ku-20.000 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungaphezu kwalokho 40% wezinhlobo zamakati asendle Okwamanje ibhalwe ohlwini oluthile lwezingozi zokuqothulwa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala, ukuzingela ngokungekho emthethweni, kanye nezingxabano nemisebenzi yabantu.
Kulesi simo, ukuthengiswa kwe-“Young Lion Resting” kunikeza ukukhushulwa okukhulu kwezezimali ukuxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwemvelo, izinhlelo zokuqapha kanye nezenzo zokuvikela izindawo zokuhlalaNakuba ukusatshalaliswa okuqondile kwezimali kungakachazwa esidlangalaleni, inani elitholiwe livumela izenzo zokuhlela esikhathini esimaphakathi neside.
I-Panthera ngokwayo igqamise inani elingokomfanekiso lomdwebo kaRembrandtukugqamisa ukufana phakathi kokubuka okujulile komdwebi wekhulu le-17 nesidingo samanje sokubuka ngokucophelela okwenzekayo ezilwaneni zasendle. Umqondo wokuthi, ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezisebenzayo, Amabhubesi angatholwa njengezithombe eminyuziyamu noma ezincwadini zobuciko Kuye kwathandwa phakathi kwabaningi baseYurophu ababukele, abajwayele ukuhlobanisa lezi zilwane nezithombe zomlando kanye nezithombe zomlando.
Indali ye-Old Masters: umbukiso womhlaba wonke wobuciko baseYurophu
Impumelelo yomdwebo weRembrandt iyingxenye yendali ebanzi Waqoqa imisebenzi yobuciko yaseYurophu ebiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-100Ezinsukwini eziningana, iSotheby's yethule imisebenzi esukela kweyesiGothic yamuva kuya kweyeBaroque, igxile kakhulu kochwepheshe base-Italy, abaseSpain, nabaseDashi.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi evelele kwakukhona "Ecce Homo" ka-Antonello da MessinaLo mdwebo, osukela cishe ngo-1460, unikeza umfanekiso kaKristu ophawulwe ubuthakathaka bakhe ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo ngaphambi kokubethelwa esiphambanweni. Njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi uphakathi kuka-$10 no-$15 million, uvelele ngokuqina kwawo kwesenzo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kokukhulekela okungenzeka, okubonakala ekugugeni okungemuva, lapho kuvela khona isithombe sikaSanta Jerome ehlane.
Futhi kufakiwe imisebenzi yababhali abasondelene nesiko laseSpain nelaseYurophuIsibonelo, umdwebo kaFrancisco de Zurbarán obonisa umshado ongaqondakali kaSanta Catherine wase-Alexandria, olinganiselwa ukuthi ubiza phakathi kuka-$800.000 no-$1,2 million. Lolu hlobo lokuba khona luqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwendali yaseNew York kanye nezikole zokudweba ezinethonya kakhulu zeNkathi Yegolide yaseYurophu.
Ukuthengiswa kwakuhlanganisa ne- "I-Allegory of the Five Senses" ebhalwe ngumDashi uJan Lievensinani eliphakathi kuka-$2 no-$3 million, kanye ne-“Portrait of a Young Man Wearing a Red Beretto” kaBiagio d'Antonio, nayo elinganiselwa phakathi kuka-$800.000 no-$1,2 million. Ngale repertoire, lo mcimbi waqinisa isikhundla sawo njengenye yemibukiso ehamba phambili yamazwe ngamazwe yobuciko basendulo.
Ngaphandle kokupenda, I-machzor yamaJuda yango-1415Incwadi yesonto enomlando oyinkimbinkimbi wokuphanga nokubuyisela. Yathathwa umbuso wamaNazi ngo-1938 yabuyiselwa emndenini wakwaRothschild ngo-2025, inani layo lalinganiselwa phakathi kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezi-5 nezingu-7, isikhumbuzo sokuthi imakethe yama-Old Masters nayo iyindawo yokubuyisa izingcezu ezinokubaluleka okuqinile komlando nokomfanekiso eYurophu.
Ibhuloho phakathi kwefa lobuciko nokulondolozwa kwemvelo
Ukuthengiswa kwe-“Young Lion Resting” kuye kwachazwa ngabadlali abaningi embonini njengesibonelo indlela ubuciko obungasiza ngayo ngqo ekuvikelweni kwefa lemveloLokhu akuyona nje into ebalulekile kwezomnotho, kodwa isenzo esixhumanisa umsebenzi wengcweti yeBaroque nezinkinga zamanje, njengokulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nobuthakathaka bezindawo ezithile zemvelo.
Kubantu baseYurophu, abajwayele ukubona isithombe sengonyama ku izikhwama zezikhali, izibuko zomlando kanye namaqoqo omnyuziyamuUmqondo wokuthi lezi zilwane zinganyamalala endaweni yazo yemvelo futhi ziphile kuphela ngemidwebo yobuciko uyamangalisa kakhulu. Umdwebo kaRembrandt, owaqanjwa cishe emakhulwini amane eminyaka edlule, ngakho-ke usebenza njengesikhumbuzo esithule salokho okusengozini.
Iqiniso lokuthi umqoqi wangasese unquma ukuyeka inzuzo yezezimali ngenxa yesizathu semvelo nalo liyakwethula umehluko ohlukile engxoxweni ngomsebenzi wezenhlalo wemakethe yobucikoNgaphandle kokuxazulula ukungezwani okuvamile kulo mkhakha, lo msebenzi uvula ithuba lokubambisana okungenzeka phakathi kwezikhungo zamasiko, abanikazi, kanye nezinhlangano zokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Ekugcineni, indaba yaleli bhubesi eliphumule ayigcini nje erekhodini elisegumbini lokuthengisa; ihlanganisa konke ikhono lobuciko basendulo baseYurophu lokuqhubeka nokukhiqiza umthelela Njengamanje, lokhu kuyenzeka kokubili ngokwesiko kanye nasezindabeni eziphathekayo njengokusinda kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
