Uma sikhuluma ngomdwebo wohlobo, sibhekisela ekhonweni lobuciko lokuthwebula impilo yansuku zonke ngokubuka okuguquguqukayo phakathi kokukhumbula izinto ezidlule kanye nokubuka okujulile. Lesi sitayela asiyona nje ikhophi yeqiniso, kodwa kunalokho sifuna ukuphinda sibambe umphefumulo wabantu, izenzo zabo ezivamile, kanye nalezo zigcawu, nakuba zingase zibonakale zingavamile, ezichaza ubunjalo bomphakathi ngesikhathi esithile emlandweni.
Lo mnyakazo wathola umfutho omkhulu kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke, uhlobene kakhulu nomoya wothando. Ngesikhathi lapho iNguquko Yezimboni iqala ukushintsha yonke into futhi abantu beshiya izindawo zasemaphandleni beya edolobheni, abaculi bazizwa benesidingo sokusindisa ingcebo ye-ethnographic— okungukuthi, izinganekwane namasiko ayesongelwa ngokunyamalala ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwesimanje kanye nohulumeni wobumbano.
Imvelaphi kanye Nokuvela Kwemvelo kweCostumbrismo
I-Costumbrismo ayizange ivele ndawo; inezimpande ezijulile ezibuyela eNetherlands ngemidwebo yohlobo lwe-Central Europe. Kodwa-ke, eSpain, amandla amakhulu ashukumisayo kwakunguFrancisco de Goya , opopayi bakhe abakhazimulayo babeka isisekelo sokuvela kamuva kwezikole ezichazwe kakhudlwana. Ngokungafani ne-Realism, eyayigxile ekuhlaziyweni okubucayi nokwezenhlalo, i-Costumbrismo yayithanda ukuvezwa okumibalabala nokujabulisayo kweqiniso.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi simo sasingagcini nje ngokudweba; sasihambisana nezincwadi. Ababhali abanjengoMesonero Romanos, okungenzeka ukuthi baqamba leli gama, bachaza le misebenzi njengokuvezwa kwefilosofi noma okuhlekisayo kwamasiko athandwayo. Kwakuyimpendulo ngokumelene nethonya elikhulu laseFrance le-Enlightenment, befuna ukubuyisa izindinganiso zangempela nezendabuko ezenza iSpain yaba yilokho eyayiyikho.
Izikole Ezimbili Ezinkulu ZaseSpain
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi amasiko ayevezwa kanjani e-Isabeline eSpain, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisinga emibili ehlukene kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona isikole sase-Andalusia , esasithonywe kakhulu yinganekwane yothando eyadalwa abahambi baseYurophu. Kwabangaphandle, i-Andalusia yayiyindawo engavamile futhi ethakazelisayo, eholele abadwebi ekwakheni umbono omuhle nomangalisayo wesifunda, okhona kakhulu eMyuziyamu Wezobuciko Obuhle eSeville.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola isikole saseMadrid Romantic , esasisebenzisa isiko lamaGoyaesque ngqo. Leli qembu lalivukela kakhulu futhi liphikisana nezemfundo, lalakhiwe ngabaculi ababevame ukuhlala ebuphofwini kodwa begcina ubudlelwano bamasiko nobuntatheli benhloko-dolobha. Abantu abaphawulekayo lapha bahlanganisa uJosé Elbo noLeonardo Alenza, ababethanda ukudweba nokubhala amabhulashi anesibindi kunokuqina kwezikole zobuciko.
Amasu Nezihloko Ezivelele
Ngokuphathelene nobuchwepheshe, kwaba nokuhlangana okuthakazelisayo phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwezincwadi kanye nokudweba imidwebo. Umphumela waba uhlobo lobuciko noludumile olwalungayinaki i-purism. Izigcawu zazivame ukubekwa ezindaweni zokusebenzela zobungcweti, ezindaweni zasemakhaya, noma ngaphakathi kwekhaya, okunikeza ukuvelela ezigabeni zabasebenzi kanye nonxiwankulu bangaleso sikhathi.
Uma ubheka imisebenzi yobuciko, kuvamile ukuthola imifanekiso yemidanso ye-flamenco, abesifazane abangama-gypsy abalungisa izitshulu esitovini, noma abalwi bezinkunzi begqoke amasudi abo okukhanyisa. Isibonelo esicacile umsebenzi kaJosé GarcÃa Ramos, owakwazi ukubamba amandla nenjabulo yesimo sengqondo sase-Andalusia ngendlela emangalisayo yemvelo, egcwalisa amakhanvasi akhe ngama-majo nama-maja abonakala ephila.
I-Costumbrismo ngale kweSpain
Lo moya awuzange uphele eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia kuphela. ELatin America, i-costumbrismo yathatha isimo sobuzwe, yaba ithuluzi lokwakha ubuwena obuhlangene ngemva kokuzimela. Emazweni afana neColombia, iPeru, neMexico, kwavela ababhali nabadwebi ababefuna ukuchaza umphefumulo wezizwe zabo, ngezinye izikhathi besuka emibonweni yothando yaseYurophu ukuze bagxile eqinisweni lesiCreole.
Ngisho nangekhulu lama-20, i-costumbrismo yashiya uphawu lwayo. Nakuba yashintsha yaba izinhlobo ezigxeka kakhulu noma ezihlekisayo—njengoba kubonakala emsebenzini kaJosé Gutiérrez Solana—noma yahlanganiswa nesimanje sika-Ignacio Zuloaga, umongo wokubuka impilo yansuku zonke wahlala. Ngeshwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eminye yale mifanekiso yehla yaba yindaba evamile "yaseSpain ejwayelekile ," yahlanekezela ingcebo yomlando wokuqala ukuze ithande isithombe sezentengiselwano sezivakashi.
Ukudweba kweCostumbrista kube yisibuko esiyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuguquka kusuka emphakathini wendabuko kuya emphakathini wanamuhla, kusetshenziswa umbala, ibala kanye nokubuka okuningiliziwe ukuze kufezwe konke kusukela eMadrid yendabuko kuya enjabulweni yomdanso we-flamenco, kuzihlanganisa njengohlobo olufuna iqiniso elingokomzwelo labantu , ngale kobuchwepheshe.