Kulezi zinsuku kwakhiwe i-scaffolding enkulu phambi kwe-altare leSistine Chapel futhi imboze ngokuphelele umdwebo odumile we- Isahlulelo Sokugcina nguMichelangeloNgemuva kwaleso sakhiwo, ithimba elikhethekile lisebenza ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukusuka ezithombeni ezinkulu zodonga ukuze lisuse ifilimu elimhlophe elincane elalifiphaze imisindo yokuqala yomsebenzi eminyakeni edlule.
Lokhu kungenelela, okuzohlala cishe amasonto amahlanu kuze kube yiPhasika, akuyona into yokuvuselela ngokugcwele njengaleyo eyenziwa ngawo-1990, kodwa kunalokho kuwukuhlanza okulawulwa kakhulu ungqimba lukasawoti oluqongeleleke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokusho kwabaphathi beVatican Museums, lo mdwebo okwamanje usesimweni sokulondolozwa. isesimweni esihle Futhi lo msebenzi ulula, uguqulwa, futhi ugxile kuphela ekubuyiseleni ukudlidliza kwe-chromatic ngaphandle kokushintsha imibala.
I-scaffolding phambi kwe-altare leSistine Chapel
Ukuze kufinyelelwe kulo lonke ubuso beSahlulelo Sokugcina, kwakubalulekile ukufaka isikafula esiyinkimbinkimbi ngqo phambi kwe-apse yesonto. Isakhiwo, esibekwe endaweni ebuthakathaka kangaka futhi ebalulekile emlandweni, sasidinga i- ukunamathela ngokucophelela okukhulubeqondiswa ochwepheshe kanye nabalondolozi bezinto ukuze bagweme noma yimuphi umthelela emidwebo kaMichelangelo kanye nabanye ochwepheshe beRenaissance abahlobisa igumbi.
Nakuba umdwebo manje ufihliwe ngokomzimba yi-scaffolding, izivakashi azihlangatshezwa udonga olungenalutho. Indwangu enkulu ephrintiwe enomfanekiso we-Last Judgment ibekwe phezu kwesakhiwo, okubavumela ukuba bathole umbono wokwakheka kokuqala ngenkathi umsebenzi uqhubeka. Ngale ndlela, kugcinwa okuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo ngaphakathi kweSistine Chapel, indawo yama-conclave akhetha opapa futhi okuhlala kungenye yezakhiwo. izindawo zobuciko ezivakashelwa kakhulu eYurophu.
Umqondisi weVatican Museums, uBarbara Jatta, ugcizelele ukuthi inqubo, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ayiyona inkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-scaffolding kube ngesinye sezinyathelo ezibucayi kakhulu zalo msebenzi, njengoba noma yikuphi ukungenelela ngokomzimba esontweni kudinga ukulandelwa kwezinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile zefa.
Ukuba khona kwekhanvasi, ngaphandle komsebenzi wayo wobuhle, kusiza ukunciphisa umuzwa wokudideka phakathi kwezivakashi ezidonswa udumo lwalo mdwebo oqoshiwe. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngemuva kwaleso sithombe esinyathelisiwe, iqembu lochwepheshe abangaba amashumi amathathu liyashintshana nsuku zonke lihlanza ingxenye ngayinye yesigcawu esikhulu seSahlulelo Sokugcina.
Ungqimba lukasawoti olufiphaze imibala
Ifilimu emhlophe esuswayo akuyona inhlabathi yendabuko, kodwa ungqimba oluncane lwe- i-lactato de calciumLolu uhlobo lukasawoti olubekwa phezu komhlaba. Lokhu kwakheka kuye kwenzeka kancane kancane endaweni enomoya omncane kanye nokuthutheleka okukhulu kwezivakashi, okuphefumula kwazo kanye nomswakama womzimba okuye kwaba nomthelela kulokhu kwakheka kwamakristalu eminyakeni edlule.
UMnyango Wezocwaningo Lwezesayensi Weminyuziyamu YaseVatican uchaza ukuthi lawa sawoti ayehlala kuphela phezu komhlaba futhi awazange alimaze ungqimba lopende lokuqala. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwawo kwanciphisa kancane kancane ukungafani kombala wodonga, kunciphisa amandla ombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, kanye nenyama echaza umsebenzi kaMichelangelo kulo mjikelezo omkhulu.
Uma ibukwa kusukela ngezansi, i-patina emhlophe yenza izithombe zibonakale zingacacile kahle futhi amavolumu athambile, njengokungathi inkungu encane ihleli phakathi kombukeli nendawo. Ngokususa lawa sawoti, umdwebo uthola ukucaca kwawo kwasekuqaleni. ukugxuma kwe-chromatic kanye nedrama ekhanyayo lokho kwakwenza kwaba mnandi kakhulu ngemva kokulungiswa okuqediwe ngo-1994.
UBarbara Jatta uqhathanise le nqubo nesenzo sansuku zonke sokusula usawoti wolwandle ngemva kokubhukuda ogwini lolwandle. Isithombe sihlose ukuveza umqondo wokuphathwa kahle, lapho izendlalelo ezijulile zomdwebo zingaphazanyiswa khona, kodwa kunalokho kususwa isici esingaphandle esishintshe incazelo yaso ebonakalayo.
Indlela encane yokuhlanza kanye nokulawula kwesayensi
Indlela ekhethiwe yokuhlanza isahlulelo sokugcina isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe amanzi deionized Udonga lumbozwe ngesendlalelo esiphindwe kabili sephepha laseJapan, into encane kakhulu futhi eqinile evame ukusetshenziswa ekuvuseleleni ukuvikela izindawo ezibucayi. Abalungisi basebenza ebangeni elikhulu lodonga ngamabhulashi amancane, bemanzisa izindawo ezithintekile.
Iphepha lesiJapane lisebenza njengesivikelo kanye nokusekela: livumela amanzi ahlanganisiwe ukuthi asebenze kusawoti ngaphandle kokuthinta ngqo ungqimba lopende. Ngale ndlela, i-calcium lactate iyathamba futhi ingasuswa kancane kancane ngaphandle kokuthwala imibala noma ukushintsha ukuthungwa kopende. Umphumela uba ukuthi, uma uthinta, ubuso bomdwebo buzwakala bubushelelezi. kuyavumelana ngokulinganayo futhi kuyafana kokubili ezindaweni esezilungisiwe kakade kanye nalezo ezisalokhu zinezimpawu ze-patina.
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlanza, ithimba libhale phansi ngokuphelele isimo samanje sobuciko besebenzisa izithombe ezinekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesayensi. Leli rekhodi lokuqala libalulekile ekuqhathaniseni noma yiziphi izinguquko ezenziwe ngemuva kokungenelela kanye nokugcina ingobo yomlando esesikhathini ukuze inikeze ulwazi ngezinqumo zokuvikela zokulondolozwa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Lokhu kungenelela kuklanyelwe futhi ukuthi kuguqulwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, uma ukubuyekezwa kwenqubo kubhekwa njengokudingekile esikhathini esizayo, indlela yamanje ngeke ivimbele izindlela ezintsha. Lo mbono wokungenelela okuncane ungenye yezimiso eziqondisayo zokulondolozwa kwamagugu ezimweni ezifana neVatican, ngemisebenzi eyizinkomba ezibalulekile emlandweni wobuciko baseYurophu.
Abalungisi abangamashumi amathathu ngomsebenzi ongenakuqhathaniswa
Ngaphakathi kwe-scaffolding, basebenza nxazonke ochwepheshe abangamashumi amathathu phakathi kwabalungisi bezinto, ochwepheshe, kanye nochwepheshe bokuxilonga. Inqubo yabo ihlanganisa ukuthuthuka ngezigaba, isentimitha ngesentimitha, endaweni eyathatha uMichelangelo iminyaka emihlanu ukuyiqeda, phakathi kuka-1536 no-1541, futhi namuhla emi njengenye yemidwebo efundwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ochwepheshe bashintshana phakathi kokubuka okuningiliziwe, ukuthatha amasampula uma kudingeka, nokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlanza ngokwalo. Umsebenzi udinga ikhono elikhulu lezandla kanye nokugxila, uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bezibalo kanye nokuphakama lapho ukungenelela kwenzeka khona, okuphakanyisiwe ngaphezu kwephansi lesonto futhi kubheke e-altare.
Lo msebenzi ulandela amashumi amathathu eminyaka ngemuva kokuvuselelwa okuphikiswana ngawo-1990, okwaveza imibala egqamile esetshenziswa nguMichelangelo ngaphansi kwezingqimba zokungcola kanye nama-varnish asendulo, kodwa kwavusa impikiswano enkulu phakathi kwezazi-mlando kanye nabalondolozi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Manje, ukungenelela kwethulwa njengesinyathelo esilinganiselayo, esigxile ekubuyiseleni ukukhanya kuya ebangeni lemibala ngaphandle kokuvula kabusha ifresco noma ukuphazamisa isakhiwo esingaphansi.
Ngenkathi le misebenzi iqhubeka, ukufinyelela komphakathi eSistine Chapel kusavuliwe futhi indawo yansuku zonke yamaqembu ezivakashi ahamba buthule egumbini ihambisana nomsebenzi wabalungisi, cishe ongabonakali ngemuva kwendwangu ephinda isahlulelo sokugcina.
Isahlulelo Sokugcina njengekhathekizimu enkulu ebonakalayo
I-Sistine Chapel, ngokwayo, iyiqoqo lobuciko be-Renaissance. Izindonga zayo eziseceleni zibonisa imijikelezo yezithombe eyenziwe ngabaculi abanjengo I-Botticelli noma i-Ghirlandaioezilandisa iziqephu eziphathelene nokuphila kukaJesu noMose. Kodwa-ke, ukuvelela okubonakalayo kusekungeneleleni kukaMichelangelo: okokuqala, igumbi elinezigcawu ezivela kuGenesise, ezidwetshwe kusukela ngo-1508 kuya phambili ngokuyalelwa nguJulius II, kanye neminyaka kamuva isahlulelo sokugcina esikhulu odongeni lwe-altare.
Ngesikhathi uMichelangelo eqala lo msebenzi wesibili, wayeseneminyaka engu-61 ubudala futhi wayenedumela elihle njengomculi ocishe abe yinganekwane, owayebizwa ngokuthi “oNgcwele.” UPapa Paul III wamcela ukuba angabonisi imvelaphi yomhlaba, kodwa ukuphela kwawo: umzuzu woKwahlulelwa Kokugcina. Umphumela waba uhlelo olunezithombe olunamandla kangangokuthi umlando uqopha ukuthi, lapho embula umfanekiso, upapa wawa ngamadolo, ekhungathekile ngenxa yobunzima bendawo.
Phakathi nendawo yokubhala, esibhakabhakeni esicacile, uKristu ubonakala ebanjwe ngaleso sikhathi ngaphambi kokukhipha isahlulelo, njengoba kuboniswe umfanekiso wokwahlulelwa kokugcinaingalo yakhe yangakwesokudla iphakanyisiwe njengesenzo sokuzama ukuyala isivunguvungu semiphefumulo esimzungezile. Eceleni kwakhe kuhlelwe osanta abaziwayo nabafel 'ukholo, njengabanye USanta Petru onesihluthulelo sezulu noma uSanta Bartholomew ephethe isikhumba sakhe esinamabala, lapho ochwepheshe abaningi bebefuna ukubona isithombe sikaMichelangelo ngokwakhe.
Ezansi, izingelosi zishaya amacilongo avusa abafileyo emathuneni abo. Abanye, sebevusiwe, bakhuphukela ensindisweni, besizwa izidalwa zasezulwini, kanti abanye bahudulwa phansi yizidalwa zamademoni, okudala umbono wesihogo esigcwele amandla nokucindezeleka komzimba.
Ubuciko bokwakheka komzimba kanye nedrama ebonakalayo
Isahlulelo Sokugcina sivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi indatshana eyiqiniso mayelana nokwakheka komzimbaUMichelangelo wagcwalisa indawo ngemizimba enemisipha, egobile ngezindlela ezibucayi, ebonisa ukuqonda okucishe kube yimifanekiso ngomzimba womuntu. Lokhu kujabula komzimba ekugcineni kwangqubuzana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zakamuva, okwenza abahloli bagqume izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngama-glaze nama-drapery apendiwe.
Ngaphandle kwempikiswano, lo mdwebo usube ngesinye sezithombe ezinamandla kakhulu ku-iconography yobuKristu, uhlobo lwekhathekizimu ebonakalayo ehlanganisa, odongeni olulodwa, umqondo wokwahlulela, ithemba lensindiso, kanye nokwesaba ukulahlwa. Indawo yayo, ephethe indawo lapho okhadinali behlangana khona ukukhetha upapa, iqinisa lo mlingiswa ongokomfanekiso enhliziyweni yeVatican.
Ukuhlanza kwamanje akushintshi leso sakhiwo noma kushintshe izinqumo zomlando, kodwa kunalokho kubuyisela konke ukucaca kanye nokungafani okwakuhloswe nguMichelangelo. Ochwepheshe balindele ukuthi, uma ukungenelela sekuqediwe, udonga luzophinde lunikeze umbono ofanayo wokuthi amandla kanye nedrama okwabamangaza labo abakubona kulungiswa eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Uma isikafula kanye nethayela sezisusiwe, izivakashi eziya eSistine Chapel zizophinde zikwazi ukubona iSahlulelo Sokugcina ngemibala yaso eqinile kanye nombono ocacile wezigcawu, ngaphandle kokuthintwa kwesisekelo sokuqala somdwebo. Lo msebenzi wokuhlanza oyimfihlo kodwa ocophelelayo ngobuchwepheshe uyingxenye yemizamo eqhubekayo yokugcina enye yengcebo yobuciko enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu isesimweni esihle kakhulu sezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
