Uma uqala ukulungiselela iphrojekthi engathi sína, esinye sezinqumo zokuqala ezibalulekile ukukhetha indlela yokuphatha ozoyilandela. Lokhu akuyona imininingwane emincane: ukuhlela, indlela osebenza ngayo neklayenti, amadokhumenti, izinsuku zokugcina, ngisho nezinhlobo zamaphutha ozohlangana nawo endleleni konke kuncike kulokhu kukhetha.
Kulolu hlu, indlela ye-Waterfall isalokhu ingenye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu. Nakuba i-Agile, i-Scrum, ne-Kanban kuxoxwa kabanzi ngazo, i-Waterfall iyaqhubeka nokuphila kakhulu emikhakheni lapho ukuzinza, ukubikezela, kanye nokubhala okuphelele kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuguquguquka okuphelele. Kulo mhlahlandlela ophelele, ngichaza, isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ukuthi iyini i-Waterfall, ivelaphi, ukuthi yakhiwe kanjani, ukuthi kunengqondo ukuyisebenzisa nini, ihluke kanjani ku-Agile, nokuthi ingena kanjani ekuphathweni kwamaphrojekthi esimanje.
Iyini indlela ye-Waterfall?
Indlela ye-Waterfall iyimodeli yokuthuthukiswa eqondile nelandelanayo lapho iphrojekthi iqhubeka khona isigaba ngesigaba, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuhlelekile. Igama elithi "waterfall" livela ngqo kulesi sithombe: isigaba ngasinye sithela imiphumela yaso kwesilandelayo, njengamanzi awela kusukela kwesinye isinyathelo kuya kwesinye, futhi uma usuwehlile isinyathelo, kunzima kakhulu ukubuyela phezulu.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi umjikelezo wokuphila kwephrojekthi uqedwa kanye kuphela, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni : okokuqala, zonke izidingo ziyaqoqwa; bese kuba yisisombululo esiklanyiwe; okulandelayo, siyasetshenziswa, siqinisekiswe, bese ekugcineni, sisetshenziswa futhi sigcinwe. Isigaba ngasinye kumele siqedwe ngokugcwele futhi sivunyelwe ngaphambi kokuqala esilandelayo, ngezidingo ezisemthethweni kanye nezindlela zokuphuma ezichazwe kahle.
Le ndlela isekelwe esimisweni esicacile kakhulu: izidingo zephrojekthi zingaziwa futhi zibhalwe phansi kusengaphambili ngokunemba okwanele ukusungula isisekelo esingenakuguqulwa. Lesi sisekelo siqondisa yonke idizayini, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokuqinisekiswa, futhi noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okulandelayo kubhekwa njengezinguquko ezingavamile, ezibizayo ezingaphansi kokulawulwa okusemthethweni.
Umsuka kanye nokuvela kwemodeli ye-Waterfall
Umqondo wokuhlela umsebenzi ngezigaba ezilandelanayo awuzange uvele kusofthiwe. Uvela emikhakheni yobunjiniyela bendabuko njengokwakha, ubunjiniyela bezokwakha, kanye nezimboni ezisindayo, lapho ukuphindaphinda umkhiqizo oqediwe kungaba yinto engenakwenzeka noma eyingozi kakhulu. Uma wakha ibhuloho noma idamu, udinga ukucaca ngokuphelele ngalokho ozokwenza ngaphambi kokubeka isitini sokuqala.
Emkhakheni wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, esinye sezibonelo zokuqala sisukela ngoJuni 1956, lapho uHerbert D. Benington ethula imodeli ehlukaniswe ngezigaba yezinhlelo ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, incazelo ebhekwa njengeyakudala yemodeli yempophoma ihlotshaniswa noWinston W. Royce esihlokweni sango-1970 mayelana nokuphatha amaphrojekthi amakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1976, uBell noThayer badumisa igama elithi "impophoma" futhi bacaphuna uRoyce njengereferensi.
Into exakile ukuthi uRoyce ngokwakhe waxwayisa ngokuthi imodeli elandelanayo ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kwempendulo, iyingozi. Waphakamisa ukuthi kufakwe ukuphindaphinda phakathi kwezigaba eziseduze kanye nama-prototypes ukuze kuncishiswe leyo ngozi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwaba khona embonini kwaba inguqulo elula, cishe eqinile, lapho isigaba ngasinye sasiqedwa khona ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokudlulela kwesinye, ngakho-ke umbono esiwuhlanganisa sonke nemodeli ye-waterfall namuhla wahlanganiswa.
Ngenxa yokucabanga kwayo okucacile kanye nokulula kokuhlela , iWaterfall yamukelwa ngokushesha hhayi kuphela kusofthiwe, kodwa nasemikhakheni efana nokwakha, ubunjiniyela, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo elawulwayo lapho ububanzi buchazwe kahle futhi kunokubekezelelana okuncane kokwenza izinto ngendlela entsha.
Indlela yokusebenza kwe-Waterfall
Kuphrojekthi ephethwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokuwa, izigaba zilandelana ngokulandelana okuqinile kakhulu. Isigaba asiqali kuze kube yilapho esedlule sesiqediwe , futhi ngokombono, akukho ukubuyela emuva ngaphandle kokuthi kuvele inkinga enkulu kakhulu noma kwenzeke ushintsho lwesivumelwano.
Enguqulweni yayo yakudala kakhulu, umjikelezo wokuphila we-Waterfall uqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu, eziyisithupha, noma ngisho eziyisikhombisa. Umehluko uvame ukuba sekuba ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokugcinwa kuhlukaniswe noma kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, kodwa umqondo oyisisekelo uyafana: ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kwezigaba ezihambisanayo kanye nokulethwa okusemthethweni esinyathelweni ngasinye.
Izigaba zendlela yokuwa kwamanzi
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele i-Waterfall, kufanelekile ukubukeza ngokucophelela isigaba ngasinye sayo. Akuzona izingxenye ezihlukanisiwe, kodwa kunalokho zisebenza njengezixhumanisi ochungechungeni lapho umphumela wesigaba esisodwa ungena khona kokufakwayo kwesilandelayo.
1. Izidingo
Isigaba sezimfuneko siyinhliziyo yanoma yimuphi umsebenzi we-waterfall. Lapha, umgomo uwukubamba zonke izidingo nemingcele yamakhasimende kanye neyebhizinisi, kokubili esebenzayo (lokho uhlelo okumele lukwenze) kanye nokungasebenzi (ukusebenza, ukuphepha, imithethonqubo, njll.).
Lesi sigaba sihilela izingxoxo, ama-workshop, kanye nokuhlaziya nabasebenzisi kanye nochwepheshe besizinda ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olunganakwa. Umphumela uba yidokhumenti enemininingwane eminingi yezidingo ebuyekezwa futhi isayinwe yibo bonke abathintekayo . Lo mbhalo uba yisisekelo senkontileka kanye nezobuchwepheshe esizobusa yonke ingxenye yephrojekthi.
Ngendlela ejwayelekile ye-Waterfall, iklayenti lihileleke kakhulu kulesi sigaba sokuqala . Ngemva kwalokho, ukubandakanyeka kwalo kuncipha kakhulu kuze kube yisigaba sokuqinisekisa noma sokwamukela. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwezimfuneko kube okuphelele nokucacile ngangokunokwenzeka: noma yikuphi ukushiywa noma ukungaqondakali kuzokwandiswa ezigabeni ezilandelayo futhi kuzoba kubi kakhulu ukulungisa.
I-2. Ukuhlaziywa
Njengoba izidingo seziqinisekisiwe, ithimba lingena esigabeni sokuhlaziya lapho kufundwa khona ukuthi kungenzeka yini ngobuchwepheshe nangokusebenza kwakho konke okuceliwe. Kwakhiwa imodeli yomqondo yohlelo, kutholakale ukuncika, kucaciswe imithetho yebhizinisi eyinkimbinkimbi, bese kubekwa isisekelo somklamo olandelayo.
Lesi sigaba sivumela ulimi lwebhizinisi ukuthi luhunyushwe olimini lobuchwepheshe, ngaphandle kokufinyelela ezingeni lemininingwane yokwakha. Emaphrojekthini amaningi, ukuhlaziywa kanye nezidingo kuyahambisana ngesikhathi, kodwa kumamodeli e-waterfall avame ukuvezwa njengesigaba esihlukile esinezinto ezitholakalayo.
3. Umklamo noma umcabango
Isigaba sokuklama siguqula "yini" sibe "kanjani." Siqala ngezidingo ezimisiwe, ithimba lezakhiwo kanye nokuklama lichaza isakhiwo esiphelele sesixazululo . Kusofthiwe, lokhu kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuklama kwezinga eliphezulu (ukwakha, amamojula, izixhumi, ubuchwepheshe) kanye nokuklama okuningiliziwe (ama-algorithms, izizindalwazi, ama-schema esixhumi, njll.).
Kweminye imikhakha, lesi sigaba silingana nezinhlelo zokwakha, izibalo zesakhiwo, amaskimu kagesi, noma amabhili ezinto zokwakha. Umgomo uwukuba ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo, ngokuyisisekelo, kube ukuhumusha okuthembekile komklamo , ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhumusha kabusha izidingo.
Kumaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi, uhlelo lwephrojekthi kanye nokuncika kubonakala kumathuluzi afana neshadi le-Gantt kanye namanye amathuluzi okuphatha isikhathi , ahambisana kahle kakhulu nomqondo olandelanayo we-waterfall: imisebenzi eboshwe ngamaketanga, izinyathelo ezicacile kakhulu kanye neshejuli yokulethwa echazwe kahle.
4. Ukuqaliswa noma ukuthuthukiswa
Uma umklamo usuqediwe, isigaba sokuqalisa siqala. Yilapho ithimba lokuthuthukisa, lokwakha, noma lokuhlanganisa ligxila ekwakheni umkhiqizo njengoba uklanyelwe . Kusofthiwe, isibonelo, lesi yisikhathi sokubhala ikhodi, ukulungisa izinhlelo, ukusetha ingqalasizinda, njalo njalo.
Ngokumangalisayo, kumaphrojekthi amaningi e-waterfall, lesi sigaba sifushane kunezidingo kanye nesigaba sokuklama ngoba umzamo omningi usuvele utshalwe ekuhleleni nasekubhaleni imibhalo . Umqondo uwukunciphisa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha: izinqumo ezibalulekile sezivele zenziwe, futhi manje sekuyisikhathi sokwenza lokho.
Nakuba kungase kube nokubuyekezwa kwangaphakathi nokuhlolwa kweyunithi, indlela yendabuko ye-Waterfall igcina ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni kwesigaba esilandelayo, uma lonke uhlelo seluhlanganisiwe.
5. Ukuqinisekiswa, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuqinisekiswa
Uma uhlelo selwakhiwe, sekuyisikhathi sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela lwenza lokho okufanele lukwenze. Lapha kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuqinisekisa nokuqinisekisa , imiqondo emibili ephathwa ngendlela eqinile kakhulu eqoqweni.
Ukuqinisekiswa kuhilela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wakhiwe ngendlela efanele: uhlelo luqhathaniswa nemininingwane yomklamo, futhi ukuhlolwa kweyunithi, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nesistimu kuyaqhutshwa ukuze kutholakale amaphutha obuchwepheshe. Uma kuhilelekile ama-API, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana nomhlahlandlela wokuhlola we-API kaPostman . Impendulo ithi: "Ingabe sakhe uhlelo ngokwedizayini?"
Ukuqinisekiswa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umkhiqizo ulungile : ukuthi uhlangabezana nezidingo zomsebenzisi kanye nezidingo zakhe njengoba kuchaziwe ekuqaleni. Kuphendula umbuzo othi: "Ingabe lolu hlelo luyixazulula ngempela inkinga yebhizinisi?"
Kulesi sigaba, ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwenziwa neklayenti. Uma kutholakala amaphutha, ayalungiswa; uma kuvela ukuphambuka kokulindelwe yiklayenti, omunye umsebenzi kungadingeka ulungiswe kabusha. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinkinga zitholakala sekwephuzile, izindleko zokulungisa zivame ukuba phezulu ngesikhathi nangemali , okungenye yezingqinamba ezinkulu zemodeli ye-waterfall ezindaweni ezishintshayo.
6. Ukuthunyelwa noma ukuqala
Uma ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni nokwamukelwa kwamakhasimende sekuqediwe, umkhiqizo uthuthela ekusetshenzisweni noma ekukhiqizweni . Kusofthiwe, lokhu kungase kuhilele ukufaka uhlelo ezindaweni zokugcina, ukuthutha idatha, ukuqeqesha abasebenzisi, nokuhlanganisa uhlelo olusha nezikhona kakade, lapho ulwazi lokuphathwa kwe-API luwusizo khona.
Kweminye imikhakha, kuphawula isikhathi lapho kuvulwa khona indawo, kunikezwa isitshalo sezimboni, noma kuqaliswa ingqalasizinda. Ngendlela ewohlokayo, lesi sigameko sibonisa ukuphela kwephrojekthi yentuthuko kanye nokuqala kwesigaba sokulungisa.
7. IMantenimiento
Ngemva kokuqalisa, kuqala isigaba sokulungisa, esivame ukuba isikhathi eside kakhulu emjikelezweni wokuphila . Lesi sigaba sihilela ukulungisa amaphutha angene ngokunyenya, ukuvumelanisa uhlelo nezinguquko ezithile endaweni (imithethonqubo, izinhlelo zangaphandle, ihadiwe), nokwenza intuthuko encane.
Kufilosofi emsulwa ye-Waterfall, izinguquko ezinkulu ezithinta kakhulu ukwakheka noma izidingo zivame ukubhekwa njengemiklamo emisha ye-waterfall, enomjikelezo wayo wezidingo, ukuklama, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokuqinisekiswa. Imibhalo ekhiqizwe ezigabeni zangaphambilini iba yindlela yokuphila yethimba lokusekela, okungenzeka ukuthi alilona iqembu elifanayo elaklama uhlelo lokuqala.
Indima ebalulekile yokubhalwa kwemibhalo eWaterfall
Uma kukhona into eyodwa echaza indlela yokuwa kwamanzi, ngaphandle kokulandelana kwezigaba, ukubaluleka kokubhalwa kwemibhalo njengomgogodla wephrojekthi. Isigaba ngasinye sikhiqiza okusemthethweni okuzokwenziwa okuncike ekubuyekezweni nasekuvunyweni: imininingwane yezimfuneko, imiklamo, izinhlelo zokuhlola, imibiko yokuqinisekisa, izincwadi zokusebenza, njll.
Lo mbhalo awuyona into efunwa yi-bureaucratic; emikhakheni eminingi, uyimfuneko yokulawula noma yesivumelwano . Ukuvumela ukuthi ubonise lokho okwavunyelwana ngakho, ukuthi kwaklanywa kanjani, ukuthi kwaqaliswa kanjani, nokuthi konke kwaqinisekiswa kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kube lula ukulandeleka okuphelele kusukela esidingweni kuya ekhodini eliyisebenzisayo kanye nokuhlolwa okuliqinisekisayo.
Uhlelo lwephrojekthi kanye nesisekelo
Uhlelo lwephrojekthi endaweni yaseWaterfall luyimephu yangempela . Luchaza ububanzi, isheduli enemininingwane, izinsiza, izinyathelo ezibalulekile, izingozi, kanye nezindlela zokwamukelwa kwesigaba ngasinye. Ngokuvamile luboniswa ngamashadi eGantt anemininingwane eminingi kanye nesheduli yokubuyekezwa okusemthethweni ekupheleni kwesigaba ngasinye.
Uma sekuvunyiwe, uhlelo luyamiswa njengesisekelo. Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka okuphawulekayo (ngobubanzi, izindleko, noma ishejuli) kuphathwa ngezicelo zokushintsha kanye nezinqubo zokulawula , ezivame ukubuyekezwa yikomidi lephrojekthi. Lokhu kuqina kunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokubikezela, elibaluleke kakhulu ezinkontilekeni zamanani anqunyiwe noma ezinhlelweni ezinezijeziso zokulibaziseka.
Imininingwane yezimfuneko njengombhalo oyinhloko
Phakathi kwawo wonke amadokhumenti, incazelo yezimfuneko ivame ukuba yidokhumenti enesisindo esikhulu senkontileka . Ichaza lokho uhlelo okumele lukwenze, ngaphansi kwaziphi izithiyo, kuliphi izinga lekhwalithi, nokuthi kumele lusebenzisane kanjani nezinye izinto.
Ngendlela ehlanganisiwe, lesi sigaba ngokuvamile sidla phakathi kuka-20% no-30% womzamo wephrojekthi uwonke. Lokhu kungase kubonakale sengathi kuningi, kodwa uma izindleko zokwenza iphutha ziphezulu, kushibhile ukuchitha isikhathi ekucaciseni umphumela ofiselekayo kunokwakha kabusha ingxenye yesistimu ekugcineni.
Ukulandelela kanye namarekhodi okuhlola
Esinye isici esijwayelekile se-Waterfall ukusetshenziswa kwama-matrices okulandelela, axhumanisa imfuneko ngayinye nezinto zokuklama eziyisebenzisayo kanye namacala okuhlola ayiqinisekisayo . Ukugcina la ma-matrices kudinga ukuzithiba, kodwa abaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni nasekuqinisekisweni.
Amapulani okuhlola, izikripthi, imiphumela, kanye nemibiko yokubuyekeza kwakha ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi uhlelo luhlolwe ngendlela ehlelekile . Emikhakheni efana nemithi, izindiza, kanye nesitimela, la marekhodi ayimpoqo futhi kumele agcinwe iminyaka.
Imibhalo yebo, i-bureaucracy cha
Ukugxekwa okuvamile ngemodeli ye-waterfall ukuthi ikhiqiza amaphepha amaningi angafundwa muntu. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi lokho kuyiqiniso, masingazenzisi kabi. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibhalo enezela inani (uhlobo olusiza ukuqonda izinqumo, olubonisa ukuthobela imithetho, noma ukugcina uhlelo) kanye ne-bureaucracy ekhonza kuphela ukugcwalisa amafomu.
Umphathi wephrojekthi ye-waterfall kumele abe nokuqonda kokususa ulwazi olungadingekile futhi agxile kumadokhumenti aphendula imibuzo ebalulekile: ubani ocele ukuthini , kungani yaklanywa ngaleyo ndlela, nokuthi ukusebenza kwayo kwaqinisekiswa kanjani. Uma idokhumenti ingasizi ukuphendula noma yimiphi yale mibuzo noma ingadingeki ukuze kudlule ukuhlolwa, cishe ayidingeki.
Izinzuzo zendlela ye-Waterfall
Impophoma ayilona ikhambi lazo zonke izinto, kodwa ezimweni ezifanele inamandla amaningi okunzima ukuwaqhathanisa. Lawa aphawuleka kakhulu.
Okokuqala, inikeza isakhiwo esicacile, esinengqondo, nesihlelekile kakhulu . Iphrojekthi iqedwa ngokulandelana, ngezigaba ezingahambisani kanye nezigaba ezichazwe kahle. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kanye nokuqapha inqubekela phambili, ngoba kuhlale kucacile ukuthi ukusiphi isigaba.
Okwesibili, kuvumela ukuhlela nokulinganisa okunembile kakhulu lapho izidingo zizinzile. Njengoba konke kuchazwe ngaphambi kokuqala, kulula ukubala izindleko, izikhathi ezibekiwe, kanye nezidingo zabasebenzi. Lokhu kulungele izinkontileka zamanani aqinile, amathenda omphakathi, kanye namaphrojekthi lapho iklayenti kudingeka lazi kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi lizokhokha malini nokuthi lizowuthola nini umphumela.
Okwesithathu, imodeli ye-waterfall ikhiqiza amadokhumenti aphelele kanye nokulandeleka okuphelele . Isigaba ngasinye sishiya umkhondo wezinto ezibuyekeziwe nezivunyiwe, into ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezilawulwayo nezibucayi lapho ukungabikho kwamaphepha kungadala izingozi zomthetho noma zokuphepha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izigaba zichazwe ngokucacile kangaka, kulula ukukala inqubekela phambili yephrojekthi bese uyibika kubaphathi. Amasu anjengenani elitholiwe angasetshenziswa futhi aqhathaniswe nesisekelo ngendlela engathathi hlangothi.
Okokugcina, amanye amaklayenti akuthola kulula ukuthi, ngemva kwesigaba sokuqala sezidingo, akudingeki ahileleke njalo . E-Waterfall, ukubamba iqhaza kwawo kuvame ukugxila ekuqaleni (ukuchaza lokho akufunayo) kanye nasekugcineni (ukuqinisekisa lokho okulethiwe). Ezinhlanganweni ezinesikhathi esilinganiselwe noma ezingenaso isiko lokubambisana okuqhubekayo, lokhu kungaba yinzuzo.
Ukulinganiselwa kanye nezingozi zendlela yokuwa kwamanzi
Inkinga yakho konke okungenhla ukuthi imodeli ye-Waterfall iyahlupheka kakhulu lapho umongo udinga ukuguquguquka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze ushintshe . Amaphutha ayo amakhulu ayaziwa kahle.
Inkinga esobala kakhulu ukuntuleka kwayo kokuguquguquka . Ukuqandisa izidingo ekuqaleni kanye nokuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokubheka emuva kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwethula izinguquko ezifanele phakathi nephrojekthi. Noma yikuphi ukulungiswa okuphawulekayo kungaholela ekuguqulweni komklamo, ekuqalisweni kabusha, kanye nokuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe, okubangela umthelela esikhathini kanye nesabelomali.
Enye inkinga ukulethwa kwenani okulibazisekile . Kumodeli ye-waterfall, ikhasimende aliboni umkhiqizo osebenzayo kuze kube yizigaba zokugcina. Uma, lapho lifika kulelo qophelo, lithola ukuthi lokho okulethiwe akufanelani nezidingo zalo zangempela (ngoba umongo ushintshile, sekuvele abancintisani abasha, noma sekuvele imibono engcono), kuncane okungenziwa ngaphandle kokubuyela emuva kakhulu.
Kukhona futhi ukuncika okukhulu ekhwalithini yezidingo zokuqala . Uma iklayenti lingacaci ngalokho elikufunayo, noma uma ithimba lihluleka ukukuthola ngempumelelo, imodeli ye-waterfall iba ugibe olubizayo: kutshalwa imali eningi ekuhleleni into okumelwe ihlehliswe.
Lokhu kwandiswa ukuntuleka kwempendulo eqhubekayo . Ngenxa yokuthi ukubandakanyeka kweklayenti kulinganiselwe ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, amathuba okulungisa ikhambi ngokushesha kanye nokubona izinkinga zokusebenziseka noma zokufaneleka kwebhizinisi kusenesikhathi ayalahleka.
Ekugcineni, uma isetshenziswa ngaphandle komongo, imodeli ye-waterfall ingadala umuzwa wokulawula ongamanga . Ukuba neshadi elihle le-Gantt kanye nezinqwaba zemibhalo evunyiwe akuqinisekisi ukuthi uhlelo luzohlangana kahle noma lusebenze njengoba kulindelekile. Izinkinga eziningi zivela kuphela ekugcineni, lapho kubiza kakhulu ukuzilungisa.
Impophoma ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe
Ezweni lesofthiwe, iWaterfall yayiyimodeli evelele iminyaka eminingi , ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zikahulumeni, ezokuvikela, zasebhange, kanye nezokuxhumana. Uchungechunge "lwezidingo-ukuklama-ukuhlola-ukugcinwa kwekhodi" luhambisana nomqondo wobunjiniyela wangaleso sikhathi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwacaca ukuthi izidingo zemikhiqizo eminingi yedijithali zishintsha njalo . Imakethe ihamba ngokushesha, ubuchwepheshe buhlala bushintsha, futhi abasebenzisi bathola kuphela lokho abakufunayo ngempela lapho beqala ukusebenzisa okuthile okuqondile. Kulesi simo, ukuthola iphutha lomqondo esigabeni sokugcina sokuhlola kusho ukulahla umsebenzi omningi.
Yingakho amaqembu amaningi esofthiwe agxile kumkhiqizo esebenzise izindlela ezisheshayo neziphindaphindayo (i-Scrum, i-Kanban, i-Lean, njll.), ezivumela ukwanda njalo, ukuqinisekiswa kwezimvo zebhizinisi, kanye nokulungiswa kwenkambo okusheshayo.
Noma kunjalo, imodeli ye-waterfall isenendawo yayo kusofthiwe lapho ububanzi bulinganiselwe kakhulu futhi ukuzinza kuyinto eza kuqala: izinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini (ezokwelapha, ezempi, ezindiza), ukuhlanganiswa nezinkontileka ezivaliwe, intuthuko yezindawo ezilawulwa kakhulu, noma ukufuduka kwezinhlelo ezindala kakhulu lapho imithetho yebhizinisi ibhalwe khona ngokuphelele.
Kunini lapho kunengqondo ukusebenzisa indlela yokuwa kwamanzi?
Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-Waterfall ne-Agile akuphathelene nezitayela, kumayelana nomongo. Kunezimo lapho i-Waterfall iyisinqumo esinengqondo kakhulu kanti ezinye lapho kuyisenzo sokuzibulala ngendlela eqondile.
Amaphrojekthi anezidingo ezizinzile nezaziwayo
Isimo esifanele se-Waterfall yilesi lapho izidingo zicacile, ziphelele, futhi cishe ngeke zishintshe . Isibonelo, ukuthuthela uhlelo oludala epulatifomu entsha ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusebenza okufanayo, ukuphinda isitshalo sezimboni esiqinisekisiwe kwenye indawo, noma ukusebenzisa i-ERP enobubanzi obuchazwe yinkontileka.
Kulezi zimo, inhlangano ivame ukuqonda kahle kakhulu indawo kanye nezingozi. Imodeli ye-waterfall ibavumela ukuthi basebenzise lolo lwazi, bahlele ngokuningiliziwe, futhi bathuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngaphandle kwezimanga ezimbalwa kakhulu.
Izindawo ezilawulwayo nezibaluleke kakhulu
Izindiza, izitimela, amandla enuzi, amadivayisi ezokwelapha… Lezi yimikhakha lapho ukulandeleka okuphelele kanye nemibhalo ephelele kuyimpoqo. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo zidinga ukufinyelela ezinhlelweni ezilandelanayo, ukubuyekezwa komklamo, amarekhodi okuhlola, kanye nesizathu esiphelele sazo zonke izinqumo zobuchwepheshe.
Kulezi zindawo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo okulula kanye nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwezinye izindlela ze-agile akuhambisani kahle nezidingo zesitifiketi. Indlela ye-waterfall inikeza uhlaka lwemibhalo oludingekayo ukuze kudlule ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni kanye nezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ezisemthethweni.
Izinkontileka zentengo engaguquki kanye nokunikezwa kwemisebenzi yangaphandle
Uma umhlinzeki esayina inkontileka yentengo engaguquki, kudingeka anciphise ukungaqiniseki. Imodeli ye-waterfall ifanelana kahle nalokhu ngoba ububanzi buyaxoxiswana, bubhalwe phansi, futhi buqandisiwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe noma yisiphi isibopho. Noma yiziphi izinguquko ezilandelayo zinenqubo yazo esemthethweni futhi zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindleko zokuxoxisana kanye nezinsuku zokugcina.
Emisebenzini yokunikeza abasebenzi ngaphandle lapho amaqembu ehlakazekile futhi ukuxhumana okungakahleleki kunqunyelwe, imodeli ye-waterfall inciphisa ukungaqondakali ngokufaka esikhundleni sezingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngezincazelo ezinemininingwane eminingi.
Isiko lenhlangano elingenakho ukubekezelela ukungaqiniseki
Kunezinhlangano ezilandelana kakhulu ngezigaba ezinezabelomali zonyaka ezihleliwe kanye nomdlandla wokubikezela. Kulezi zimo, ukuzama ukusebenzisa i-Agile ngencwadi kuvame ukuphumela "engxubeni engavamile" lapho kungekho modeli ezuza khona ngezinzuzo zayo.
Imodeli ye-waterfall ifaneleka kakhulu ezakhiweni lapho uhlelo oluqinile kusukela ekuqaleni lubhekwa khona njengenani, ngemibiko yenqubekela phambili eqondile kanye nokubuyekezwa okusemthethweni. Lapha, umphathi wephrojekthi usebenza njengomqaphi wesisekelo , kunokuba ngumgqugquzeli wokuphindaphinda.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwabathengisi abaningi nezinhlelo ezinkulu
Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu anabakhi abaningi (isb., izimoto, ukwakha imikhumbi, noma ingqalasizinda enkulu), imodeli ye-waterfall isebenza njengolimi oluvamile lokuxhumanisa ama-interface . Umthengisi ngamunye uthuthukisa uhlelo lwakhe olungaphansi ngokuhambisana nemininingwane ye-interface engaguquki, futhi ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa kuhlelwa kusenesikhathi.
Uma iqembu ngalinye lisebenzisana nokushintsha izinto eziza kuqala kanye nokusheshisa okuzimele ngaphandle kohlaka oluphelele, ukuhlanganiswa bekuyoba nesiphithiphithi. Indlela elandelanayo yenza kube lula ukuchaza amaphuzu acacile okuhlanganiswa nokulawula kangcono uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Kunini lapho AKUKHONA umqondo omuhle ukusebenzisa i-Waterfall?
Okubaluleke njengokwazi ukuthi impophoma ikhanya kuphi ukuhlonza izimo lapho kungcono ukuyilahla khona ngaphandle kokungabaza . Ezinye izimo ezivamile:
Uma iklayenti lingazi kahle ukuthi yini eliyidingayo futhi kulindeleke ukuthi lifunde ngokuzama namaphutha, ukuphoqa imodeli elandelanayo kuzoholela ekukhungathekeni kanye nokweqisa kwezindleko. Isikhathi esiningi sizochithwa sibhala phansi okuthile okuzoshintsha maduze.
Uma imakethe ishintsha ngamaviki noma izinyanga (izinkampani ezintsha, imikhiqizo yedijithali emisha, amaphrojekthi okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi), ukulinda kuze kube sekupheleni ukuqinisekisa ikhambi kuwubuwula. Kulezi zimo, izindlela eziphindaphindayo nezikhuphukayo ezivumela ukuhlolwa, ukulinganisa, kanye nokulungisa zifaneleka kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izinsuku zokugcina zinzima kangangokuthi azivumeli isigaba sezidingo ezinzima, ukuzama ukulandela i-Waterfall ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela enguqulweni yemodeli ye-waterfall ngaphandle kwezilawuli zangempela , lapho imibhalo isheshiswa khona ukuze nje "uhlole ibhokisi." Yilokho okubi kakhulu kuzo zombili lezi zindawo.
I-Agile vs Impophoma: Umehluko Obalulekile
Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwe-Waterfall ne-Agile kuvela cishe kuzo zonke izingxoxo zokuphathwa kwephrojekthi. Akuzona ezinhle noma ezimbi ngokwemvelo; kumane kubonisa amafilosofi ahlukene.
I-Waterfall iphakamisa indlela eqondile nelandelanayo: okokuqala konke kuyachazwa, bese kuklanywa, kusetshenziswe, kuhlolwe, futhi kulethwe. I-Agile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlukanisa umsebenzi ngemijikelezo emifushane, ephindaphindayo (ama-sprint) lapho isethi encane yokusebenza ihlelwa, iklanywa, ithuthukiswa, futhi ivivinywa kuphindaphindo ngalunye.
E-waterfall, ububanzi buqinisiwe ekuqaleni futhi izinguquko ziyizinto ezibizayo. Ku-Agile, ushintsho lubhekwa njengento evamile futhi umkhiqizo ushintsha i-sprint nge-sprint , ulungisa i-backlog ngokusekelwe kumpendulo yomsebenzisi neyebhizinisi.
Ngokuphathelene nokubandakanyeka kwamakhasimende, i-Waterfall igxila ekubambeni kwayo iqhaza ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwephrojekthi. I-Agile isabalalisa kuyo yonke impilo yayo, ngokubuyekezwa njalo kanye nomkhiqizo ongase uthunyelwe ekupheleni kokugijima ngakunye.
Ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sokuya emakethe, amaphrojekthi e-waterfall avame ukuletha inani ekupheleni kwenqubo. I-Agile ivumela ukukhishwa kwezinguqulo zokuqala (ama-MVP) ezithuthukiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Empeleni, izinhlangano eziningi zikhetha izindlela ezixubile , njenge-"Water-Scrum-Fall" eyaziwayo: ukuhlela kanye nokuklama okuvamile kwimodi ye-waterfall, ukuthuthukiswa kwansuku zonke nge-Scrum, kanye nokuthunyelwa/ukulethwa futhi ngaphansi kwesambulela esibikezelayo.
Indima yomphathi wephrojekthi eWaterfall
Umphathi wephrojekthi endaweni ethanda ukugeleza kwamanzi unendima ehlukile kuneScrum Master noma i-Agile Coach. Lapha, kulindeleke ukuthi abe ngumhleli ocophelelayo kanye nomlawuli wenqubekela phambili , kunokuba abe ngumgqugquzeli wamaqembu azihlelayo.
Imithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile ihlanganisa ukugcina isisekelo sephrojekthi, ukuxhumanisa ukubuyekezwa kwesigaba, ukuphatha izingozi, ukulawula izinguquko, ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela ezinsukwini zokugcina kanye nesabelomali, kanye nokuxhumana ngesimo sephrojekthi kubaphathi ngemibiko esemthethweni. Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, le ndima ivame ukubandakanya ukubambisana eduze nomholi wezobuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuklama kanye nezinqumo zokwakha.
Kulabo abafuna ukuchwephesha kulolu hlobo lokuphatha, izitifiketi ezifana ne -PMP ezivela ku-PMI noma amazinga athile emikhakha elawulwayo (isibonelo, i-DO-178C endizeni) ziqinisa ngqo lawa makhono aqondiswe emijikelezweni yokuphila ebikezelayo nebhalwe phansi ngokuqinile.
Izindlela ezihlanganisiwe kanye nokuhlala ndawonye ngezindlela ezisheshayo
Iqiniso liwukuthi namuhla cishe akukho phrojekthi enkulu ewukumpophoma okungu-100% noma ukushesha okungu-100%. Kuvamile ukuthola inhlanganisela lapho ukumpophoma kusebenza njengesambulela sesivumelwano , kuyilapho imijikelezo ephindaphindayo isetshenziswa ngaphakathi ukunciphisa ubungozi ezindaweni ezithile.
Isibonelo, ukwakheka kanye nezindawo zokuhlangana kungachazwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuwa kwamanzi, kodwa ezinye izinhlelo ezincane zingathuthukiswa ngokuphindaphinda okufushane kanye ne-prototyping . Uma nje izindawo zokuhlangana kanye nezigaba zokuhlanganisa zihlonishwa, le ngxube ingasebenza kahle kakhulu.
Kwenzeka okufanayo ezinqubweni zokuguqulwa kwedijithali: inhlangano ingathutha umongo wayo wentengiselwano (ozinzile futhi olawulwayo) isebenzisa i-Waterfall, ngenkathi ithuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zamakhasimende okugcina ngamaqembu asheshayo. Kunokuba kube yinto ephikisanayo, kuyindlela ehlakaniphile yokwabela ithuluzi elifanele inkinga ngayinye.
Kukhona futhi ukushintshwa kusuka eWaterfall kuya e-Agile lapho ukuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza zeqembu namakhono kudinga ushintsho olukhulu lwamasiko . Ukuqala ngezindlela zokuguquguquka kumaphrojekthi amancane kuvumela amaqembu ukuthi ajwayele ukuhlela okuguquguqukayo kanye nokuphendula okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni izinhlelo ezibalulekile.
Ngamafuphi, indlela ye-Waterfall isalokhu iyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwamaphrojekthi, uma nje amandla ayo — ukubikezela, isakhiwo, kanye nokulandelela— kuqondwa ngokugcwele . Uma isetshenziswa ezizindeni ezinezidingo ezizinzile, imithetho eqinile, noma izinkontileka zamanani aqinile, ingaba inketho ephephile nesebenza kahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ihlanganiswa namazinga afanele okuphindaphinda kanye nokuqonda okuvamile.
