Ezweni lokuklama kanye iziphuzo ezidakayo, kunezindaba ezihlekisayo nezifuna ukwazi. Enye yazo ibandakanya ukwakheka kwelebula ye-Anís del Mono. Indaba ehlanganisa isayensi, impikiswano nokumaketha ukuze isinike uphawu lokuzibonakalisa kwesinye seziphuzo eziyingqopha-mlando e-Spain. I-El Anís del Mono, ilebula layo kanye nemininingwane enelukuluku ngemvelaphi yayo.
Lesi sihloko sihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwelebula ye-Anís del Mono kanye nocezu oluyisisekelo lwesayensi yesimanje: Umsuka wezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Incwadi kaCharles Darwin ineminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisi-6 kusukela ekushicilelweni kwayo kokuqala futhi imakwe ngaphambili nangemuva kwengxoxo ngemvelaphi yesintu.
Ilebula lika-Anís del Mono, abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo nabakholelwa endalweni
La ilebula ebhodleleni le-anise Waphinde wembula ukungqubuzana phakathi kwendoda ehlakaniphile nabantu benkolo yangaleso sikhathi. Kalula nje, inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin ithi amadoda aphuma ohlotsheni lwezinkawu ezinkulu. Ukugomela okunjalo kwakuhilela impi evuthayo nabakholelwa endalweni, labo abavuma kuphela ukuba khona komuntu ngokwalokho okushiwo iBhayibheli. KuGenesise 1:27 kulotshiwe “Ngakho uNkulunkulu wamdala umuntu ngomfanekiso wakhe, wamdala ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu; wabadala owesilisa nowesifazane.”
Inkinga eyaphakanyiswa uDarwin yiyona eyavusa kakhulu izinkanuko ezinkulu futhi isigaba solwazi nokungqubuzana kwaqala phakathi kwayo kanye inhliziyo yokukhulelwa komuntu. Abadwebi bamakhathuni baqala ukusebenzisa umfanekiso kaDarwin ukwenza amahlaya. Wachazwa njenge-centaur yamanga, inkawu encane, indoda encane. Phakathi kweminyaka ka-1880 no-1882, lezi zithombe zopopayi ezihlekisana noDarwin zavela kumamagazini ahlonishwa kakhulu angaleso sikhathi. I-Punch, i-Vanity Fair, i-Hornet Magazine kanye ne-La Petite Lune ngezinye lapho le midwebo yamahlaya nemidwebo ehlekisayo ingalandelelwa khona.
Imigilingwane enjengeyomhlaba wonke
Abakhangisi abavela emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni wonke baqala ukunanela ngokuncokola imidwebo, futhi izethulo zabonakala zithengisa zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo. Kusukela kumafutha okugcoba izicathulo kuya kuma-syrups ahlukene ukwelapha umphimbo obuhlungu, isisu noma ikhanda, phakathi kwabanye.
Ensimini yaseSpain, eyayingamaKatolika kakhulu, umsebenzi kaDarwin wavinjelwa okokuqala. Futhi kamuva yashicilelwa ngenguqulo ecwiywe ngokuphelele, engaphelele, enezingcezu ezihloliwe ngokuphelele.
E-Badalona, eSpain, ngo-1870 izelamani ezimbili zazizoqopha umlando ngelebula le-Anís del Mono yabo. Lena i-Bosch ne-Grau, abadali besiphuzo namuhla esihamba phambili engxenyeni yaso. Kuyisiphuzo esingatholakala ngezinguqulo ezimbili. Ilebula eluhlaza, yomile; kanye nelebula elibomvu, limnandi.
Ulithole kanjani igama kanye nelebula ethi Anís del Mono?
Ngokuvumelana nalokho abakushoyo, i Igama lika-Anís del Mono Isuselwa kwinkawu eyayihlala efekthri yokuqala. UBosch uthathe le nkawu esuka eBrazil wayiyisa ekhaya eSpain. Lapho udala ilebula ye-anise, izingxabano nokulwa umlobi ayekuvusa kwakukhunjulwa. Yingakho kuyisiqephu esithakazelisayo nesibalulekile kulo mkhakha.
U-Bosch wayala umdwebi wekhathuni ukuthi enze ucezu oluqondise kungxabano, futhi indoda yakha i-humanoid ephethe ibhodlela le-anise. Ehlezi phezu kwe-breakwater, wamemezela ukuthi “Ungcono kakhulu. Isayensi yakusho futhi angiqambi amanga."
I-Los abasekeli bemfundiso kaDarwin Bama kwelokuthi inkawu ifana nobuso besazi sezinto eziphilayo, futhi njengoba abazalwane bakwaBosch babeyithanda kakhulu inkolo, basebenzisa ukubhuqa. Babefuna ukuhlekisa ngoyise wokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengenkolelo-mbono, futhi abafana bakwenza lokho.
Umklamo owaduma
Umdwebo ozoba yingxenye yelebula ye-Anís del Mono uqale wawina umncintiswano wephosta. Umklamo bekungowomculi ogama lakhe lingu-Ramón Casas. Khona-ke, ngo-1913, ilebula ye-Anís del Mono yaba iphosta yokuqala ekhanyisiwe yokukhangisa. YayisePuerta del Sol, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva kwaba nenye ePlaza de Cataluña.
La ukuma kwebhodlela Kwakuyikhophi yebhodlela lamakha. UVicente Bosch wayithengela umkakhe eParis, futhi wakhokha umenzi wamakha amalungelo okusebenzisa imodeli. Ngo-1902 wayibhalisa, futhi ngaleso sikhathi isibalo samanje kanye nobuso obungangabazeki bukaDarwin base bukhona kakade.
Ezinye izinguqulo
Ngo-1914 umanduleli we cubism UJuan Gris wenza idizayini, futhi efilimini ethi The Godfather baphuza i-Anís del Mono ngesikhathi sedili le-pasta ngemva kwesidlo sakusihlwa. Kusukela ngo-2012 kuya phambili, kokubili inkawu kanye nobuso bayo obungangabazeki buwubuso be-promenade e-Badalona. Nokho, zikhona ezinye izindaba.
Ngo-1925, edolobheni laseMelika i-Dayton, eTennessee, uprofesa wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, i-algebra, i-physics ne-chemistry wenza izinguquko edolobheni elincane elinezakhamuzi ezingu-2000 XNUMX. John Thomas I-Scopes yasebenzisa ibhodi futhi yabonisa isithombe esidumile sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kusukela emfeneni wokuqala omncane kuya kumuntu wesimanje.
U-Scopes wayengazi ukuthi wephula uMthetho we-Butler Ithi “Noma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono ephika umlando weNdalo Yaphezulu Yomuntu ayikho emthethweni kunoma iyiphi isikhungo semfundo eTennessee. Impi ebiphakathi kwesikole nothisha ihlanganisa nomphakathi yashuba kakhulu.
Ummeli wezenkolo noshiseka ngokweqile kwakunguWilliam Jannings Bryan. Umuntu oqokelwe ukungenela umongameli izikhathi ezintathu, uBryan uqondise ku-Scopes kanye nababili bakhe nommeli wezokuvikela u-Clarence Darrow. Nakuba uBryan enqobile, Inhlawulo ku-Scopes yayingama-$100 kuphela futhi ayizange ikhokhwe.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zefilimu zale ndaba, zombili ezinesihloko esifanayo: Uzodla ifa lomoya. Lezi zifiso mayelana nedizayini, ukukhangisa nesithombe somkhiqizo kunconywa kakhulu ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukwakheka nokudalwa kobunikazi kuqhubeka kanjani. I-Anís del Mono kanye nelebula yayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imnandi noma yomile, isiphuzo esedlule isikhathi. Inketho enhle kakhulu yokufunda kabanzi mayelana nemboni, amasu okumaketha kanye nokudalwa kobunikazi. Indaba enhle kakhulu equkethe imininingwane nemininingwane ekhuluma ngobuqotho kanye nokungqubuzana okucashile okuzibonakalisa nangaphandle.